ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Like a Hole in the Head

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื•ื™ื—ื’ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ืžืขืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื™ืชื™; ื•ื™ืกืจื ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืœื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–:ืœื˜

Some more thoughts about Davidโ€™s preparation for battle. A point that seems obvious to me though I have not seen any commentators mention it: The phrase ื•ื™ืืœ ืœืœื›ืช, which we have translated as โ€œHe wanted to goโ€, uses an unusual verb. In ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื“:ื›ื“โ€Ž โ€œื•ื™ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœโ€ clearly means โ€œSaul swore with the peopleโ€. The original example of ื•ื™ืืœ meaning โ€œto wantโ€ is (ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘:ื›ื)โ€Ž ื•ื™ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ.โ€Ž ืจืฉืดื™ brings the gemara (ื ื“ืจื™ื ืกื”,ื)โ€Ž ืื™ืŸ ืืœื” ืืœื ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”. So ื•ื™ืืœ ืœืœื›ืช has the implication of โ€œDavid swore to goโ€, adding to the sense that this was a religious, not only a military, mission.

Weโ€™ve translated ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื™ืชื™ as โ€œI cannot go with these because I have never tried/learned them,โ€ but the Targum translates: ืœื™ืช ื‘ื”ื•ืŸ ื ืกื. As the ืจื“ืดืง explains, ืœื ื™ื›ื™ืจื• ื”ื ืก ืฉื™ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื”ืงืœ ืื ืืœืš ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืœื›ืžื” (and then he adds, ื•ื“ืจืš ื“ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื•). As we mentioned before, David needed to do more than defeat Goliath; he needed to restore ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ's faith in ื”ืณ and in themselves.


ืžื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืชื” ื‘ื ืืœื™ ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ืช ื•ื‘ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ; ื•ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืืœื”ื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื—ืจืคืชืƒ ืžื• ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื™ืกื’ืจืš ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื”ื›ื™ืชืš ื•ื”ืกืจืชื™ ืืช ืจืืฉืš ืžืขืœื™ืš ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืคื’ืจ ืžื—ื ื” ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื—ื™ืช ื”ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืืœืงื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ืžื– ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื‘ื—ื ื™ืช ื™ื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ื”ืณ: ื›ื™ ืœื”ืณ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ืืชื›ื ื‘ื™ื“ื ื•ืƒ

ืžื— ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ืงื ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืงืจื‘ ืœืงืจืืช ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ืžื”ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืจืฅ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื” ืœืงืจืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ืƒ ืžื˜ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืฉื ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืงืœืข ื•ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืœ ืžืฆื—ื•; ื•ืชื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื—ื• ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื• ืืจืฆื”ืƒ ื  ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ื“ื•ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื‘ืงืœืข ื•ื‘ืื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื•; ื•ื—ืจื‘ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื ื ื•ื™ืจืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืขืžื“ ืืœ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœืคื” ืžืชืขืจื” ื•ื™ืžืชืชื”ื• ื•ื™ื›ืจืช ื‘ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื•; ื•ื™ืจืื• ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื›ื™ ืžืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจื ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืƒ ื ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืžื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจืขื• ื•ื™ืจื“ืคื• ืืช ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืขื“ ื‘ื•ืืš ื’ื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืฉืขืจื™ ืขืงืจื•ืŸ; ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื—ืœืœื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉืขืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ื’ืช ื•ืขื“ ืขืงืจื•ืŸืƒ ื ื’ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžื“ืœืง ืื—ืจื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื; ื•ื™ืฉืกื• ืืช ืžื—ื ื™ื”ืืƒ ื ื“ ื•ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืจืืฉ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืื”ื• ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื; ื•ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ืฉื ื‘ืื”ืœื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

I Know You Are, But What Am I?

Davidโ€™s speech is clearly aimed not at Goliath but at the dispirited ranks of ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. He starts by stating the premise of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื›:ื—,โ€Ž ืืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘, ื•ืืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืกื™ื; ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ, ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ. Not only do we come in the name of G-d, but He is our G-d; He is ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช and we are His ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช. My victory will clearly show His hand. Every curse you uttered will come back onto your head (compare pasuk ืžื“):โ€Ž ืืชื ื” ืืช ื‘ืฉืจืš ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื”ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ื”.

David has two goals: the first is that ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ (which in ืชื ืดืš always means โ€œall the inhabitants of the earthโ€; this will be important in interpreting ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื) will know ื™ืฉ ืืœืงื™ื ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ. This has a double meaning; ืืœืงื™ื as a ืฉื ืงื•ื“ืฉ refers to ื”ืณ's connection to Israel, but the ืืœื”ื™ื also has a secular meaning of master, judge. Thus, now all the world will know that Israel has power, is not destined to be a downtrodden people.

His second goal is addressed to ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ themselves: they need to know what David knows, that their victory depends on ื”ืณ alone.

Mostly Dead

Miracle Max: Whoo-hoo-hoo, look who knows so much. It just so happens that your friend here is only MOSTLY dead. Thereโ€™s a big difference between mostly dead and all dead. Mostly dead is slightly alive. With all dead, well, with all dead thereโ€™s usually only one thing you can do.

Inigo Montoya: Whatโ€™s that?

Miracle Max: Go through his clothes and look for loose change.

The Princess Bride

After David strikes Goliath in pasuk ืžื˜, pasuk ื  summarizes what happened from the point of view of the observers: David overpowered Goliath with a rock and a sling, ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื•โ€”and he killed him. So what does pasuk ื ื mean by ื•ื™ืžืชืชื”ื•?โ€Ž ืžืœื‘ื™ืดืž explains ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื•โ€Ž as โ€œืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื›ื”ื• ืžื›ื” ืฉืกื•ืคื• ืœืžื•ืช, ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจื•ื— ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื•โ€โ€Ž and ื•ื™ืžืชืชื”ื• as โ€œืจืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ื’ืžืจ ืžื™ืชืชื•โ€. The slung rock incapacitated Goliath; cutting off his head was the coup de grรขce. This distinction is made even more dramatically when ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ and his page slaughter the ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื in perek ื™ื“:

ื•ื™ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ื• ื•ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•; ื•ื™ืคืœื• ืœืคื ื™ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ืžืžื•ืชืช ืื—ืจื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื“:ื™ื’

Jerusalemโ€ฝ

The mention of ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื is very surprising here; not only is it 8 or so years before David makes it the capital of Israel, itโ€™s not even a Jewish city. The Israelites hadnโ€™t managed to conquer it: (ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื˜ื•:ืกื’)โ€Ž ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• (ื™ื›ืœื•) ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ and (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื:ื›ื)โ€Ž ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืœื ื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒโ€Ž.

The ืžืคืจืฉื™ื have many explanations of what might be going on. The ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื and ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื argue that there were two Jerusalems (hence the dual ending, ื™ึฐืจื•ึผืฉึธืืœึธื™ึดื), a fortress that remained in ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ hands and an open city that ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ did conquer. But that doesnโ€™t explain why David would bring Goliathโ€™s head there, and seems inconsistent with the story of ืคื™ืœื’ืฉ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื”, which implies that none of ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื was Jewish:

ื™ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœืœื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืงื ื•ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ื‘ื ืขื“ ื ื›ื— ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื”ื™ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื; ื•ืขืžื• ืฆืžื“ ื—ืžื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื• ืขืžื•ืƒ ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ื™ื‘ื•ืก ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื“ ืžืื“; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื ืขืจ ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ื• ืœื›ื” ื ื ื•ื ืกื•ืจื” ืืœ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืื“ื ื™ื• ืœื ื ืกื•ืจ ืืœ ืขื™ืจ ื ื›ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื”; ื•ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืขื“ ื’ื‘ืขื”ืƒ

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื˜

The ืจื“ืดืง quotes his father that โ€œื™ืจื•ืฉืœืโ€ here means ื ื•ื‘, the city that at this time housed the ืžืฉื›ืŸ, which makes sense in context (it was a major, central city, and we will see that Goliathโ€™s sword was kept there) but calling it ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื seems farfetched.

Artscroll Shmuel translates it as โ€œDavidโ€ฆ[eventually] broughtโ€, which seems the most logical interpretation. ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ was written well after David conquered Jerusalem, so it is no anachronism to mention something that happened well after the events of the narrative. We see something similar with the ืžืŸ (when the ืžืŸ first falls, well before there was an ืืจื•ืŸ or ืขื“ื•ืช):

ืœื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉื” ืืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืงื— ืฆื ืฆื ืช ืื—ืช ื•ืชืŸ ืฉืžื” ืžืœื ื”ืขืžืจ ืžืŸ; ื•ื”ื ื— ืืชื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ืœืžืฉืžืจืช ืœื“ืจืชื™ื›ืืƒ ืœื“ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื”; ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื”ื• ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื“ืช ืœืžืฉืžืจืชืƒ ืœื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื›ืœื• ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ืขื“ ื‘ืื ืืœ ืืจืฅ ื ื•ืฉื‘ืช: ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ืื›ืœื• ืขื“ ื‘ืื ืืœ ืงืฆื” ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

Though why none of the classical ืžืคืจืฉื™ื donโ€™t mention this is a mystery to me.


ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืŸ; ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ
ื‘ ืื•ื“ื” ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื™; ืืกืคืจื” ื›ืœ ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ืšืƒ
ื’ ืืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืืขืœืฆื” ื‘ืš; ืื–ืžืจื” ืฉืžืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸืƒ
ื“ ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ ืื—ื•ืจ; ื™ื›ืฉืœื• ื•ื™ืื‘ื“ื• ืžืคื ื™ืšืƒ
ื” ื›ื™ ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื ื™; ื™ืฉื‘ืช ืœื›ืกื ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืฆื“ืงืƒ
ื• ื’ืขืจืช ื’ื•ื™ื ืื‘ื“ืช ืจืฉืข; ืฉืžื ืžื—ื™ืช ืœืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ืƒ
ื– ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ ืชืžื• ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืฆื—; ื•ืขืจื™ื ื ืชืฉืช ืื‘ื“ ื–ื›ืจื ื”ืžื”ืƒ
ื— ื•ื”ืณ ืœืขื•ืœื ื™ืฉื‘; ื›ื•ื ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ ื›ืกืื•ืƒ
ื˜ ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉืคื˜ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืฆื“ืง; ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืืžื™ื ื‘ืžื™ืฉืจื™ืืƒ
ื™ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ืณ ืžืฉื’ื‘ ืœื“ืš; ืžืฉื’ื‘ ืœืขืชื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื”ืƒ
ื™ื ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืฉืžืš; ื›ื™ ืœื ืขื–ื‘ืช ื“ืจืฉื™ืš ื”ืณืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื–ืžืจื• ืœื”ืณ ื™ืฉื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ; ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•ืƒ
ื™ื’ ื›ื™ ื“ืจืฉ ื“ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื–ื›ืจ; ืœื ืฉื›ื— ืฆืขืงืช ืขื ื™ื™ื (ืขื ื•ื™ื)ืƒ
ื™ื“ ื—ื ื ื ื™ ื”ืณ ืจืื” ืขื ื™ื™ ืžืฉื ืื™; ืžืจื•ืžืžื™ ืžืฉืขืจื™ ืžื•ืชืƒ
ื˜ื• ืœืžืขืŸ ืืกืคืจื” ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœืชื™ืš: ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืื’ื™ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืšืƒ
ื˜ื– ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื‘ืฉื—ืช ืขืฉื•; ื‘ืจืฉืช ื–ื• ื˜ืžื ื• ื ืœื›ื“ื” ืจื’ืœืืƒ
ื™ื– ื ื•ื“ืข ื”ืณ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืขืฉื”: ื‘ืคืขืœ ื›ืคื™ื• ื ื•ืงืฉ ืจืฉืข; ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืœื”ืƒ
ื™ื— ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœื”: ื›ืœ ื’ื•ื™ื ืฉื›ื—ื™ ืืœื”ื™ืืƒ
ื™ื˜ ื›ื™ ืœื ืœื ืฆื— ื™ืฉื›ื— ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ; ืชืงื•ืช ืขื ื•ื™ื (ืขื ื™ื™ื) ืชืื‘ื“ ืœืขื“ืƒ
ื› ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืณ ืืœ ื™ืขื– ืื ื•ืฉ; ื™ืฉืคื˜ื• ื’ื•ื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ืšืƒ
ื›ื ืฉื™ืชื” ื”ืณ ืžื•ืจื” ืœื”ื: ื™ื“ืขื• ื’ื•ื™ื ืื ื•ืฉ ื”ืžื” ืกืœื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื˜

The ืžืคืจืฉื™ื disagree on the dedication of this perek. Most translate ืขืœ ืžื•ืช as โ€œon the death [of]โ€ (though some take it as one word, โ€œyouthโ€ or โ€œeternityโ€). But whose death? Thereโ€™s no one in ืชื ืดืš named ืœื‘ืŸ. Some (brought down by ืจืฉืดื™ as โ€œื™ืฉ ืžืคืจืฉื™ืโ€) interpret this as Davidโ€™s son, but that doesnโ€™t explain the ืœ.โ€Ž ืจืฉืดื™,โ€Ž ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื and ืžืฆื•ื“ืช interpret this a the name of an otherwise unknown enemy of Davidโ€™s. ืจื“ืดืง connects the word to ืื™ืฉึพื”ื‘ื ื™ื, the man in the middle of the battle, ื’ืœื™ืช. That interpretation seems to fit the message of the perek, and that is the one we will adopt.

ืื•ื“ื” ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื™

David starts by thanking ื”ืณ, which inspires him to praise Him for all of His wonders, not just the victory over Goliath. ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž are meant to be timeless, even ones with a specific historical origin. ื”ืณ defeats all our enemies, judging them and ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื ื™, a hendiadys for โ€œmy just causeโ€.

ื’ืขืจืช ื’ื•ื™ื

There are three stages of the victory: ื’ืขืจืช is rebuke, a threat. Then ืื‘ื“ืช, You destroyed them. Last, ืฉืžื ืžื—ื™ืช, even their memory is lost.

ื”ืื•ื™ื‘

ื”ืื•ื™ื‘ is an apostrophe, directly addressing the enemy: your ruined cities and the cities you destroyed will be forgotten; there will be no memory of you or your victories. Even if that does not happen immediately, ื”ืณ is waiting, preparing His judgment. As ืจืฉืดื™ says on ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื˜:ื›ื“โ€Ž, ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ื”ืณ, ื”ื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ื ื•. ื”ืณ judges both individuals (ืชื‘ืœ is the inhabited world) and nations.

ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื—ื• ื‘ืš

David addresses ื”ืณ, that we, the ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ ืฉืžืšโ€Ž trust You (as in (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž ื›:ื—)โ€Ž ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ or above, ื•ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืืœื™ืš ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ).

ื–ืžืจื• ืœื”ืณ

David turn to his audience, the ื™ืฉื‘ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. If this was written after the defeat of Goliath, then ืฆื™ื•ืŸ is an anachronism. ืจื“ืดืง says ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ืœื” ืืฆืœื ื›ื™ ืฉื ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืฉื ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. As we will discuss, itโ€™s not clear that ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ at that time were aware of ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื's significance, but as ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž was edited at the end of Davidโ€™s life, it is possible to assume the mention of ืฆื™ื•ืŸ was a later addition. My understanding of ืฆื™ื•ืŸ is simply, โ€œthe designated placeโ€ without necessarily meaning ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื.

Then David has a short personal prayer: save me, so that I can praise you.

ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื’ื•ื™ื

This section ends by reviewing the victory; as we saw in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื–, the enemy was destroyed by their own traps. That is how ื”ืณ's is manifest, what ื—ื–ืดืœ call ืžื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื“ื”.

ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืกืœื” marks the effective end of the perek; the remaining 4 psukim are almost independent. The phrase as we said before means something like, โ€œthink about this continuallyโ€.

ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ืจืฉืขื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœื”

This is a prayer, a statement about the future. In Hirshโ€™s reading, the ืจืฉืขื™ื will retreat in the direction of the grave (both ืœืฉืื•ืœ and ืฉืื•ืœื” would mean โ€œto the graveโ€). We do not need to see the final defeat of the ืจืฉืขื™ื, just the turning of the tide. Note the interchanging in the ืงืจื™ and ื›ืชื™ื‘ of ืขื ื™ื™ื and ืขื ื•ื™ื;โ€Ž ื”ืณ defends both the powerless and those with good ืžื“ื•ืช.โ€Ž ื—ื–ืดืœ talk of two kinds of ื’ืื•ืœื”, that which we deserve and that which comes because our oppression is unbearable.

ืื ื•ืฉ in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž emphasizes manโ€™s frailty and mortality; as we quote in ื™ื–ืงืจ:โ€Ž (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื—:ื”โ€Ž)โ€Ž ืžื” ืื ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืชื–ื›ืจื ื•. Here it emphasizes the inherent frailty of the ืจืฉืขโ€Ž (the Targum is ื‘ืจ ื ืฉื ืจืฉื™ืขื”). We should not be intimidated; they are only human too.


ื ืœืžื” ื”ืณ ืชืขืžื“ ื‘ืจื—ื•ืง; ืชืขืœื™ื ืœืขืชื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจื”ืƒ
ื‘ ื‘ื’ืื•ืช ืจืฉืข ื™ื“ืœืง ืขื ื™; ื™ืชืคืฉื• ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืช ื–ื• ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืƒ
ื’ ื›ื™ ื”ืœืœ ืจืฉืข ืขืœ ืชืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื•; ื•ื‘ืฆืข ื‘ืจืš ื ืืฅ ื”ืณืƒ
ื“ ืจืฉืข ื›ื’ื‘ื” ืืคื• ื‘ืœ ื™ื“ืจืฉ; ืื™ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื ื›ืœ ืžื–ืžื•ืชื™ื•ืƒ
ื” ื™ื—ื™ืœื• ื“ืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืช ืžืจื•ื ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืš ืžื ื’ื“ื•; ื›ืœ ืฆื•ืจืจื™ื• ื™ืคื™ื— ื‘ื”ืืƒ
ื• ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืœ ืืžื•ื˜; ืœื“ืจ ื•ื“ืจ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื‘ืจืขืƒ
ื– ืืœื” ืคื™ื”ื• ืžืœื ื•ืžืจืžื•ืช ื•ืชืš; ืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ื ื• ืขืžืœ ื•ืื•ืŸืƒ
ื— ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืืจื‘ ื—ืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืžืกืชืจื™ื ื™ื”ืจื’ ื ืงื™; ืขื™ื ื™ื• ืœื—ืœื›ื” ื™ืฆืคื ื•ืƒ
ื˜ ื™ืืจื‘ ื‘ืžืกืชืจ ื›ืืจื™ื” ื‘ืกื›ื” ื™ืืจื‘ ืœื—ื˜ื•ืฃ ืขื ื™; ื™ื—ื˜ืฃ ืขื ื™ ื‘ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืจืฉืชื•ืƒ
ื™ ื•ื“ื›ื” (ื™ื“ื›ื”) ื™ืฉื—; ื•ื ืคืœ ื‘ืขืฆื•ืžื™ื• ื—ืœื›ืื™ื (ื—ืœ ื›ืื™ื)ืƒ
ื™ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉื›ื— ืืœ; ื”ืกืชื™ืจ ืคื ื™ื• ื‘ืœ ืจืื” ืœื ืฆื—ืƒ
ื™ื‘ ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืณ ืงืœ ื ืฉื ื™ื“ืš; ืืœ ืชืฉื›ื— ืขื ื™ื™ื (ืขื ื•ื™ื)ืƒ
ื™ื’ ืขืœ ืžื” ื ืืฅ ืจืฉืข ืืœืงื™ื; ืืžืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืœื ืชื“ืจืฉืƒ
ื™ื“ ืจืืชื” ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืขืžืœ ื•ื›ืขืก ืชื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืชืช ื‘ื™ื“ืš; ืขืœื™ืš ื™ืขื–ื‘ ื—ืœื›ื” ื™ืชื•ื ืืชื” ื”ื™ื™ืช ืขื•ื–ืจืƒ
ื˜ื• ืฉื‘ืจ ื–ืจื•ืข ืจืฉืข; ื•ืจืข ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ ืจืฉืขื• ื‘ืœ ืชืžืฆืืƒ
ื˜ื– ื”ืณ ืžืœืš ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“; ืื‘ื“ื• ื’ื•ื™ื ืžืืจืฆื•ืƒ
ื™ื– ืชืื•ืช ืขื ื•ื™ื ืฉืžืขืช ื”ืณ; ืชื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ ืื–ื ืšืƒ
ื™ื— ืœืฉืคื˜ ื™ืชื•ื ื•ื“ืš; ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืขื•ื“ ืœืขืจืฅ ืื ื•ืฉ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื™

ืคืจืง ื™ does not start with an introductory phrase (though ืคืจืง ื˜ ends with a concluding one). The theme continues that of the second part of ืคืจืง ื˜, and ืจืฉืดื™, in one ื’ืจืกื of ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื–:ื‘, holds that the two ืคืจืงื™ื are one psalm (the division of ืชื ืดืš into chapters is a non-Jewish invention, and there is a fair amount of discussion in the gemara about where the divisions in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž are). ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื points out another proof that these are really one long psalm: the partial ื-ื‘ that starts in ืคืจืง ื˜ continues in ืคืจืง ื™. The letters of ื,ื‘,ื’,ื”,ื•,ื–,ื—,ื˜,ื™,ื› are in ืคืจืง ื˜, and ืœ,ืง,ืจ,ืฉ,ืช are in ืคืจืง ื™. Having 2/3 of the alphabet in order seems like too much to be a coincidence, but I donโ€™t have a reason why the acrostic is not complete. As the midrash says in ืงื”ืœืช ืจื‘ื” (on ืงื”ืœืช ื:ื™ื’)โ€Ž ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืคื•ื™ื˜ื ื ื›ื“ ื”ื•ื” ืขื‘ื™ื“ ืืœืคื‘ื™ืชื™ืŸ, ื–ืžื ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉืœ ืœื” ื•ื–ืžื ื™ืŸ ืžื—ืกืจ ืœื”.

We will treat this perek as a continuation of the previous one.

Hirsch interprets this perek as the extrapolation of the international affairs of the previous perek into present-day human relationships. Now that we have seen the victory over evil nations, let us see the victory over evil people.

ืœืžื” ื”ืณ ืชืขืžื“ ื‘ืจื—ื•ืง

Hirsch makes a distinction between ืœึธึฝืžึธึผื”, with a dagesh in the ืž and the stress on the first syllable (ืžืœืขื™ืœ), and ืœึธืžึธึฝื”, with no dagesh and the stress on the second syllable (ืžืœืจืข). For instance, when Moshe is pleading for ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ after the golden calf:

ื™ื ื•ึทื™ึฐื—ึทึฃืœ ืžึนืฉึถืึ”ื” ืึถืชึพืคึฐึผื ึตึ–ื™ ื”ึฃืณ ืึฑืœึนืงึธึ‘ื™ื• ื•ึทื™ึนึผึ—ืืžึถืจ ืœึธืžึธึคื” ื”ึ™ืณ ื™ึถื—ึฑืจึถึคื” ืึทืคึฐึผืšึธึ™ ื‘ึฐึผืขึทืžึถึผึ”ืšึธ ืึฒืฉึถืึคืจ ื”ื•ึนืฆึตึ™ืืชึธึ™ ืžึตืึถึฃืจึถืฅ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึ”ื™ึดื ื‘ึฐึผื›ึนึฅื—ึท ื’ึธึผื“ึ–ื•ึนืœ ื•ึผื‘ึฐื™ึธึฅื“ ื—ึฒื–ึธืงึธึฝื”ืƒ ื™ื‘ ืœึธึฉืžึธึผื” ื™ึนืืžึฐืจึจื•ึผ ืžึดืฆึฐืจึทึœื™ึดื ืœึตืืžึนึ—ืจ ื‘ึฐึผืจึธืขึธึคื” ื”ึฝื•ึนืฆึดื™ืึธืึ™ ืœึทื”ึฒืจึนึคื’ ืึนืชึธืึ™ ื‘ึถึผึฝื”ึธืจึดึ”ื™ื ื•ึผึจืœึฐื›ึทืœึนึผืชึธึ”ื ืžึตืขึทึ–ืœ ืคึฐึผื ึตึฃื™ ื”ึธึฝืึฒื“ึธืžึธึ‘ื” ืฉืึšื•ึผื‘ ืžึตื—ึฒืจึฃื•ึนืŸ ืึทืคึถึผึ”ืšึธ ื•ึฐื”ึดื ึธึผื—ึตึฅื ืขึทืœึพื”ึธืจึธืขึธึ–ื” ืœึฐืขึทืžึถึผึฝืšึธืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘

In what Hirsch himself calls a hypothesis, ืœึธืžึธึฝื” emphasizes the immediate purpose of the subject: โ€œI think I understand your goal, but how does this help achieve it?โ€ while ืœึธึฝืžึธึผื” is a broader question about the ultimate end: โ€œWhat is your goal in doing this?โ€. Thus, he explains Mosheโ€™s questions as, โ€œYou need to discipline ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ after ื—ื˜ื ื”ืขื’ืœ, but destroying them in Your anger will not serve an educational purpose (which is what all the miracles of ื™ืฆืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื were intended to do). Secondly, what possible purpose is there in allowing the Egyptians to misinterpret Your actions?โ€

So our pasuk means, โ€œHow does Your ื”ืกืชืจ ืคื ื™ื achieve Your goal of ultimate good for the ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื?โ€

ื’ืื•ืช ืจืฉืข

The ืจืฉืข may bless ื”ืณโ€Ž (ืคืกื•ืง ื‘) but it is really ื ืืฅ ื”ืณ. As the ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ says, ื”ืจื™ ืฉื’ื–ืœ ืกืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ื˜ื—ื ื” ื•ืœืฉื” ื•ื”ืคืจื™ืฉ ืžืžื ื” ื—ืœื” ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืžื‘ืจืš; ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืจืš ืืœื ืžื ืืฅ. His plans (ื›ืœ ืžื–ืžื•ืชื™ื•) belie his true feelings, โ€œืื™ืŸ ืืœืงื™ืโ€. There is no ืืœืงื™ื, G-d acting as judge, since His judgment is too distant to matter to humanity. ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœื™ืช ื“ื™ื™ืŸ; ื”ื ื™ื— ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื•ืœืžื• ื•ื”ืœืš ืœื•โ€Ž (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื•ื—ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘). David goes on to describe the sneakiness of the ืจืฉืข and his hypocrisy. ืืœื” ืคื™ื”ื• ืžืœื, he makes pious vows, but they are ืžืจืžื•ืช ื•ืชืš, lies and โ€œinsidesโ€, full of hidden meanings.

ืงื•ืžื” ื”ืณ

David repeats his initial question with a plea, โ€œArise ื”ืณ,โ€Ž ืงืœ (the ืฉื ื”ืณ that means โ€the one who has powerโ€œ) and show that powerโ€. But why do you allow the ืจืฉืข to deny Your judgment?

ืจืืชื”

This is Davidโ€™s answer and the climax of the perek. As Hirsch understands the pasuk, ืจืืชื” โ€Ž, You ื”ืณ do see, for ืืชื” ืขืžืœ ื•ื›ืขืก ืชื‘ื™ื˜, You actively watch the ืขืžืœ ื•ื›ืขืก because they actually comes from ื™ื“ืš, in order that ืขืœื™ืš ื™ืขื–ื‘ ื—ืœื›ื”, Your people need to depend only on you (ื™ืขื–ื‘ in the sense of (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื˜:ื•)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื™ื•ืกืฃ). As I understand Hirsch, this is the idea of ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”, meant to teach.

ืคืœื™ื’ื™ ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ืจ ืื™ื“ื™ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ืื—ื ื‘ืจ ื—ื ื™ื ื ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื“) ืืฉืจื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืชื™ืกืจื ื• ื™ื” ื•ืžืชื•ืจืชืš ืชืœืžื“ื ื• ื•ื—ื“ ืืžืจ ืืœื• ื”ื ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื˜ื•ืœ ืชืคืœื” ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืกื•) ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืœื”ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืกื™ืจ ืชืคืœืชื™ ื•ื—ืกื“ื• ืžืืชื™ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ื ื‘ืจื™ื” ื“ืจืณ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ื”ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ืจืณ ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืจ ืื‘ื ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืืœื• ื•ืืœื• ื™ืกื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื”ื‘ื”

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื”,ื

The perek ends with a summary that pulls together the two themes; ื”ืณ shall judge the ืจืฉืขโ€Ž, ืจืข ืชื“ืจื•ืฉ when he thought ื‘ืœ ื™ื“ืจืฉโ€Ž. ื”ืณ will rule the world even when the nations no longer exist.

Even as ืชืื•ืช ืขื ื•ื™ื ืฉืžืขืช,โ€Ž You listen to the wants of the poor, David asks that ืชื›ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื, You set their hearts straight.