ื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืขืืืื ืืงืฉื ืื ืืฉืช ืืขืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืฉื ืื; ืืืืืจื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืื ื ืืฉืช ืืขืืช ืืื ืืขืื ืืืจื
I want to look at this ืืขืืช ืืื and its implications for ืืืื ืืืขืฉื. But donโt anything I say seriously and certainly ask your rabbi if you have real questions. The halachic aspects come from a small sefer by Rabbi Ari Storch of Baltimore, about magic and astrology in halacha, called ืชืคืืจืช ืืจืื. Much of this shiur is based on one I gave last year on ืคืจืฉืช ืืื ืฉืจื.
To recap from last time, the Rambam holds that magic is ืืืจื ืฉืงืจ ืืืื:
ืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืกืจื ืืืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืกืืืื ืืืืกืจื ืืืขืชโฆืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืชืืืื ืืืขืช ืืืืขื ืืจืืืืช ืืจืืจืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉืืกืจื ืชืืจื ืืื ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืชืืื ืืืื
The Ramban, on the other hand, holds that the universe that G-d created is more complicated than that:
ืื ืืืืจื ืืชืณ โฆืขืฉื ืืขืืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืชืืชืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืโฆืืืฉืจ ืืื ืื ืืกื ืืืืืช ืืืฆืืื ืื ืืช, ืืขืฉื ืขืื ืขื ืืืืืืื ืืืืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ื ืคืฉ ืืืโฆืืื ืื ืคืืืืชืื ืืขืฆืืืืช ืฉืฉื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืื ืืจืื ืชืืืจืืช ืืืืืช ืืืืืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืืโฆ
And the Ramban is as vehement as the Rambam in arguing against his opponents:
ืืจืืื ืืชืืกืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืื, ืื ืื ืืืื ืืขืืจื ืืืขืืืจ ืื ืืืื, ืืื ืื ื ืื ื ืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืจืื ืืชืคืจืกืื ืืขืื ื ืจืืืืโฆ
ืืื ืืืืข ืืจืืืืช ืืืืืช ื ืืจืืื ืกืืดื ืืืืืข ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืจืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืื ืกืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืจืฉ ืื ืืืื ื ืฆืจืืืื ืืืกืื ืคื ืืืชืืืืื ืืืืข ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืฉ ืื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืืืจืืฉ ืื ืืืืืก ืืขืชื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืชืืืืืื ืืจืฉืขืื ืื ืื ืขื ืื ืฉืื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืื ืืกืืจืชื ืืื ื ื ืืืช.
And the Vilna Gaon is even stronger:
ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืืโืืจืืืดื. ืืืดื ืืคืืณ ืืืฉื ื ืืคืดื ืืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืงื ืขืืื ืฉืืจื ืืจืื ืืืฉืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจ ืืคืืืกืืคืื ืืืจืืจื ืืืื ืืณ ืฉืืฉืคืื ืืฉืืืช ืืืืฉืื ืืฉืืื ืืงืืืขืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืงืจ ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืงืืงืื ืฉืืจื ืืฆืื ื ืืจืื ืืขืฉืืืช ืืืืณ โฆืืืคืืกืืคืื ืืืชื ืืจืื ืืงืื ืืคืจืฉ ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืฆืื ืืืขืงืืจ ืืืชื ืืคืฉืื ืืืดื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืจืื ืื ืืคืฉืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืคื ืืืืืช ืื ืคื ืืืืืช ืฉื ืืขืื ืืคืืืกืืคืื ืฉืืืจืงืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืคื ืฉืื ืืฆืื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืขืื ืืืืช.
The great tragedy of Scienceโthe slaying of a beautiful hypothesis by an ugly fact.
So who is right? I have no problem claiming that magic as described by the Ramban is not real (though I have to be honest and claim that it is not real today; I canโt prove anything about the past). And the ืฉืืื ืขืจืื holds that way ืืืืื as well, as we will see. But on a deeper level, the Ramban is right and the Rambam is wrong. Note their respective definitions of objective truth: ืจืืืืช ืืจืืจืืช vs. ืืืจืื ืืชืคืจืกืื ืืขืื ื ืจืืืื. The Rambam is a rationalist; he is looking for logical proofs. Things that do not make sense cannot be real. The Ramban is an empiricist: if we experience something, it is real. We may misinterpret what we are seeing, but reality is. The universe we live in is clearly one that the Rambam would not accept. I believe in general relativity, quantum mechanics, DNA translation and all sorts of things that donโt โmake senseโ, and can be philosophically proven to be false. An understanding of how the world works (a โtheoryโ) is scientific if it makes specific observable predictions, and those predictions are not contradicted by experiment. โMaking senseโ just isnโt one of the criteria.
Nonetheless, the text here clearly assumes that ืืืืช and ืืืขื ืื have some reality; the ืืขืืช ืืื is not presented as a liar or villian. If we accept that it isnโt really possible to call up the spirits of the dead by controlling the ืืืืืช ืืืืืื, how are we to understand this?
Yoram Hazony has an interesting insight that lets me (a scientist and empiricist at heart) understand what may be going on. He deals with โfalse prophetsโ but it may apply to other forms of divination as well.
ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืื ืฉืงืจ ืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืื ืฉืืืชืื ืืื ืฆืืืชืื ืืื ืืืจืชื ืืืืื; ืืืื ืฉืงืจ ืืงืกื ืืืืื (ืืืืื) ืืชืจืืืช (ืืชืจืืืช) ืืื ืืื ืืชื ืืืื ืืืื
We have already established that there are two kinds of prophecy. There is external prophecy, when the prophet beholds a vision or hears a voice coming from the outside. The identity of the speaker is disclosed to the prophet. There is, however, another kind of revelation; it is anonymous. The prophet is unaware of speech coming from beyond; he is not conscious that he is being addressed. The revelation transpires in silence.
This kind of revelation occurred within the great personality of Abraham. G-d spoke from within. That is why Maimonides emphasizes the fact that Abraham was not instructed by anyoneโฆ
We can distinguish, as Scripture does, between true and false revelation, only the first of which is properly described as G-dโs word. In the Bible, when the things spoken by the prophets cannot be relied upon, they are called nevuot sheker,โunreliable prophecy.โ Thus Jeremiah has G-d saying: โThe prophets prophesy unreliable things in my nameโฆ. An unreliable vision, and divination, and worthlessness, and the deception of their own minds are these that they prophesy to you.โ Note that the false prophets of whom Jeremiah speaks here are not accused of intentionally lying. Rather, they speak the โdeception of their own minds.โ As Ezekiel puts it (ืืืืงืื ืคืจืง ืื), they have โset up idols in their minds,โ deceiving themselves so they cannot see what is before them. This is, in my view, the best way of understanding the revelation of Parmenides, which is a misleading and unreliable revelation, and so should properly be attributed to a false god, or to the deception of his own mind, these two things being in my view just different ways of referring to the same thing.
So even from Rambamโs perspective the ืืขืืช ืืื isnโt necessarily intentionally lying; she and her audience may truly be inspired without any magic, any manipulation of higher powers but without malice.
I would propose that the ื ืืื here does not view the ืึนื as ืขืืืื ืืจื; we will see that the text does not condemn Saul that strongly for his actions. Seeking after ืืืืช and ืืืขื ืื is certainly a sin, but the prohibition is more subtle than straight-out ืขืืืื ืืจื. So what is the nature of that prohibition?
First, we have to understand that what we are discussing is not ืขืืืื ืืจื:
ืืืงืืจ ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืืืคื ืืขืฉืืช ืจืฆืื ื, ืืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืื.
ืืฉืืข ืืืงืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืื ื ืฉืืงืืจ ืกืชื ืืขืดื ืืงืืจื ื ืขืฉื ืฉืืชืืืจืื ืขื ืืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืืดืฉ ืจืฉืดื ืืื ืืฉืืงืืจ ืืฉื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืขืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืืโฆืื ืคืงื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืขืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืชืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืขืื ืกืืื ืืณ ืืกืืื ืงืืดื ืืฉืืดื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืขื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืื.
So what is it?
โฆืื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืืืืืข ืืขืชืื ืงืืื ืืืืชื ืืงืจื ื ืืฉโฆืื ืื ื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืขืช ืขืชืืืืช ืืื ืืืชืขืกืงืื ืืืืืืช ืจืืืช ืืืื ืืืขืชืโฆืืื ืื ืืื ื ื ืชืืขืื ืืขืืื ืืื ืืืื ืชืืฉื ืืืโฆืืคืืจืฉ (ืืคืกืืง ืื) ืืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืืจืฉ ืืืชื ืื ืืขืื ื ืื ืืื ืงืืกืืื ืืฉืืขื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืขืช ืืืืืช ืืืชื ืื ืื ื ืชื ืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืกืจ ืื ืืฉื ืืืขืฉืื ืืืืโฆืืขืืืจ ืฉืขืฉื ืื ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืชืชื ืขืืืื ืขื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืฉืืงืื ืืงืจืื ื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืจืื ืืคืื ืืืชื ืชืฉืืข ืืื ื ืื ืืคืขื ืึพื ืืื ืชืฆืืจื ืืชื ืืขืชืืืืช ืื ืงืืกื ืืื ืืฉโฆ
ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืข ืืืชืช ืื ืขืชืื ืืืื ื ืืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืขืชืืืืช ืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืืกืืืื ืจืฆืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื ืืื ื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืืืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืื ืคื ืืโฆ
So the problem with ื ืืืืฉ is that it evinces a lack of faith in ืืณ. It is reasonable to want to have ways to โpredictโ the future; thatโs the only way to make plans. But setting up signs is not the way Jews do it. We are supposed to rely on the voice of G-d, though the ื ืืื or other, ืงืืืฉ, means.
ื ืืืงื ืืขืื ืขืฉืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืื; ืืืงื ืืืื ืื ืืจื ื ืืจืื ืื ืขืืจ ื ืืืจื
ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืืฅ ืืขืืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืขืช ืขืจื ืืขืช ืฆืืช ืืฉืืืชื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงื ืืื ื ืืืจืื ืืงืจื ื ื ืืคื ื ืืืื; ืืขืฉื ืืกื ืขื ืืื ื ืืืจืืื
ืื ืื ื ืื ืื ื ืฆื ืขื ืขืื ืืืื; ืืื ืืช ืื ืฉื ืืขืืจ ืืฆืืช ืืฉืื ืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืื ืขืจ ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ื ื ืืื ืืืฉืชื ืืืืจื ืฉืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงื ืืชื ืืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฆืืง ืืื ืืืข ืื ืขืฉืืช ืืกื ืขื ืืื ืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืื ืื ืขืจ ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืขืืจื ืื ืืฆื ืืขืจืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืณ ืื ื; ืื ืืื ืืืณ ืืขืฆืืจ ืืืืฉืืข ืืจื ืื ืืืขืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืขืฉื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืื; ื ืื ืื ืื ื ื ืขืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืชื ืื ื ืื ืื ื ืขืืจืื ืื ืืื ืฉืื; ืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืื
ื ืื ืื ืืืืจื ืืืื ื ืืื ืขื ืืืืขื ื ืืืืื ืืขืืื ื ืชืืชืื ื ืืื ื ืขืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืื ืื ืืืืจื ืขืื ืขืืื ื ืืขืืื ื ืื ื ืชื ื ืืณ ืืืื ื: ืืื ืื ื ืืืืชื
ืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืื ืืฆื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืืืจื ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ื ืขืืจืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืืืื ืฉืื
ืื ืืืขื ื ืื ืฉื ืืืฆืื ืืช ืืื ืชื ืืืช ื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืืจื ืขืื ืืืื ื ืื ืืืืขื ืืชืื ืืืจ;
ืืืืืจ ืืื ืชื ืื ื ืฉื ืืืื ืขืื ืืืจื ืื ื ืชื ื ืืณ ืืื ืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืืขื ืืื ืชื ืขื ืืืื ืืขื ืจืืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืจืื; ืืืคืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืืชืช ืืืจืืื
ืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืจืืฉื ื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืื ืชื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืขืฉืจืื ืืืฉ; ืืืืฆื ืืขื ื ืฆืื ืฉืืื
ืื ืืชืื ืืจืื ืืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืืื ืืขื ืืืฆื ืืืืฉืืืช ืืจืื ืื ืืื; ืืชืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืชืื ืืืจืืช ืืืงืืื
ืื ืืืจืื ืืฆืคืื ืืฉืืื ืืืืขืช ืื ืืื; ืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื
ืืืืืจ ืจื ืื ื ืืฉ ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืขืืจ ืขืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืชื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ื ื ืืฉ
So was Eliezerโs test really wrong? The Rambam says it was:
ืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืงืจื ืื:ืื) ืื ืชื ืืฉื. ืืืฆื ืืื ืื ืืืืฉ: ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืคืื ืคืืชื ืืคื, ืื ื ืคื ืืงืื ืืืื, ืืื ื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืคืืื ื ืืืื, ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืคืฆืื ื ืขืฉืื;โฆืืื ืืืฉืื ืืขืฆืื ืกืืื ืื, ืื ืืืจืข ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉื ืืืจ ืคืืื ื, ืืื ืื ืืืจืข ืื ืืขืฉื, ืืืืืขืืจ ืขืื ืืืจืื. ืืื ืืืืฆื ืืืืจืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืกืืจ; ืืื ืืขืืฉื ืืขืฉื ืืคื ื ืืืจ ืืืืจืื ืืื, ืืืงื.
And the ืจืืืดื takes him to task for this:
ืืดื ืื ืฉืืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืจ ืื
ืืืชืจ ืืืืชืจ ืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืื ืืืฉืื
ืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืฉ ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืขืืจ ืืืื ืชื
ืืื ื ื ืืฉ ืืืื ืกืืจ ืฉืืขื ืื ืืืกืืจ
ื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืดืง ืืื ื ืจืืื
ืืกืืื ืืืื ืืฉื ืขื ืฆืืืงืื ืืืืชื
ืขืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืงื
ืคืืืกื ืื ืืจื ืืืคืื.
But according to the ืจืืืดื, what is the sin of ื ืืืืฉ? It clearly is forbidden! The ืจืดื (in ืืจืฉืืช ืืจืดื ืืดื) explains in a way that fits with the way we understand the world (the following is a paraphrase from the ืืกืฃ ืืฉื ื):
ืืื ื ืดื ืืชืืจืืฆื ืฉื ืืืจืื
ืฉืื ืืฉ ืฉืืกืจื ืชืืจื ืืื ืืชืืื ืืช
ืืขืฉืื ืืกืืื ืฉืืื ืืกืืจื ื ืืชื ืช
ืฉืืื ืืืจื ืชืืขืืช ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืง ืืืื
ืคืชื ื ืคืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืฆืื ืืคืกืืง ืื
ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืื ืืืจืื
ืืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืงื ืกืืื ืื ืืืืจ
ืฉืืกืืจื ืืืจืขืช ืฉืื ืืืจืื ืชืืขืืช
ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืงื ืืื ืื ื ืืฉ ืฉืื ืขืกืงื
ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืจื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืจืื
ืืฉืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืฆื ืืื
ืื ื ืืฉ ืืื ืื ืืื ืฉื ืขืืื ืืืืืขืืจ
ืืืืื ืชื ืืืืืฆื ืืื ืชืื ืืขืฉืืื
ืฉืืืืขืืจ ืืืืข ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืืื
ืืฉื ืืืฆืืง ืืื ืืืื ืช ืื ืืคืืื ืืงื
ืกืืื ืืขืฆืื ืฉืื ืชืื ืื ืื ื ืื
ืืืขืฉืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืืืชืื ืขื
ืฉืืฉืืืืจ ืื ืืืืืืื ื ื ื ืืขื ืืื
ืชืฉืืืื ืืจืื ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืฉืงื
ืืืชื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฆืืง
โฆืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืืืจื ืืขื ืื
ืืืกืืจ ืืดืง ืฉืื ื ืืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืืืจืื
ืฉืืกืจื ืชืืจื ืฉืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืจืขืช
ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ื ืกืืื ืขื ืืขืฉืื ืืืฉ
ืืื ืฉืขืฉื ืืื ืืฉื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืชืจ
ืืื ื ื ืืฉ ืืืื ื ืืกืืจ ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืื
ืืืจืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืืกืืจืื
So there are two criteria that must be met in order to violate the sin of ื ืืืืฉ: first, it must be a practical sign or test, like that of Eliezer or Jonathan. Simply saying โa black cat crossed my path; it will be a bad dayโ doesnโt count. It has to lead to action. This serves as a possible out for Saul. Even with the bad news that he would get, he still goes forward into battle. It does not change his plans.Second, the sign must be one that ืืื ืืกืืจื ื ืืชื ืช, that isnโt logical. That is what Eliezer and Jonathan got right; their tests were logical.
Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic
How do we understand ืกืืจื here?
If I told you I had a magic mirror, that when I waved my hands over it in just the right way, it would predict tomorrowโs weather. Would that be ื ืืืืฉ? If I told you that there was an icon engraved on the back of my mirror, of a partially eaten apple, would that change the ืืืื? The problem is that we use things today that we completely donโt understand. In Arthur C. Clarkeโs words, โAny sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magicโ. I have no way of knowing if Foxconn is trapping demons by sacrificing goats at the full moon in order to create my iPad, and I have no way of telling. There certainly isnโt any logic here. The Ran (which is too long to bring here but well worth looking at inside) explains ืกืืจื here that is about attitude. What do I think is going on? Do I think my omen is a result of the mechanical application of the laws of nature, or is there mystical control of the forces of ืืืืื that gives it its power? The reality itself underlying it canโt be the determining factor, since I have no way of knowing that, and (ืงืืืืฉืื ื ื,ื)โ ืื ื ืืชื ื ืชืืจื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจืช.
ื ืืืืฉ is acceptable if I am using only what I feel are what we now call โscienceโ, not โmagicโ. But how does that accord with the Rambanโs explanation, that looking for signs outside of the explicit tools given in the Torah means we are lacking faith in ืืณ?
As a scientist at heart, I think the answer is that there is no contradiction. ืืณ created a world that runs according to predictable, knowable laws, (ืืจืืื ืื:ืื)โ ืืงืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจืฅ. Using those laws, and incorporating out understanding of the workings of the universe into our decision-making is demonstrating our faith in ืืณ no less than going to a ื ืืื or consulting the ืืืจืื ืืชืืืื.
Thereโs another side of the prohibition of magic that lets Saul off the hook:
ื ืื ืฉื ืฉืื ืขืงืจื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืฉ ืขืืื, ืืืคืืื ืืฉืืช, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืขืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืกืืื ืืื ืืชืืจื, ืืื ืฉืื ืชืืจืฃ ืืขืชื ืขืืื
โฆ
ื ืืืืืฉ ืขื ืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืจืืงืง ืืืืจ ืื ืงืืจื ืคืกืืง ืื ืืชืืจื, ืืื ืื ืืืง ืืขืืื ืืื. ืืื ืืื ื ืจืืงืง, ืืืกืืจื ืืืื ืืืื. ืืื ืืฉ ืื ืกืื ืช ื ืคืฉืืช, ืืื ืืืชืจ.
The comment about ืืคืืื ืืฉืืช is a side point about things that are forbidden to talk about on ืฉืืช:
ืึธืกืึผืจ ืึฐืฆึนื ืึตืคึถืฅ ืึทืขึฒืฉืืึนืช ืึผึฐืจึธืึดืื
ืึผึทื ืึดืึผึฐืึทืึผึตืจ ืึผืึน ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืฆึฐืจึธืึดืื
ืึผึดืึฐืจึตื ืกึฐืืึนืจึธื ืืึน ืึดืึฐืจึตื ืึฐืึธืึดืื
ืึถืึฐืึผึถื ืึผึฐืชืึนืจึทืช ืงึตื ืึผืชึฐืึทืึผึฐืึตื ึดื
ืื ืชืฉืื ืืฉืืช ืจืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืคืฆื ืืืื ืงืืฉื; ืืงืจืืช ืืฉืืช ืขื ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืณ ืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืขืฉืืช ืืจืืื ืืืฆืื ืืคืฆื ืืืืจ ืืืจื
But the underlying idea, that ืคืงืื ื ืคืฉ overrides the prohibition of ืืฉืืฃ, is used by the Netziv to understand our story:
ืืฉ ืืืขืช ืืืขืดื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืขืืืื ืฉื ืขืฆืื ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืชืืื ืขื ืืณ, ืืื ืืืงืืจ ืขืชืืืืช (ืืืืืืจ ืืืขื, ืื ืื ื ืืฉ ืืืขืงื ืืืืณ), ืืดื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืขืชืื ืืจืืจื ืืืจืืื ืกืื ืช ื ืคืฉืืช ืืฉ ืืืงืืจ ืืืืขืช. ืืื ืืขืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืฆืืืง ืฉืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืจื ืืคืจืืฉ ืืืจื ืชืืจื (ืืืจืื ืื:ืื-ืื) ืืืชื ืื ืื ืืืืณ ื ืืื ืืงืจืื ืืืืณ
ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืคืื, ืืืืจื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืื ืฉื ืขื ืฉ ืขืดืโฆืืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืืโฆ
ื ืืืชืืคืฉ ืฉืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืื ืืืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืื ืฉืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืงืกืืื (ืงืกืื ) ื ื ืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืขืช ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืืช ืืช ืืืืืช ืืืช ืืืืขื ื ืื ืืืจืฅ; ืืืื ืืชื ืืชื ืงืฉ ืื ืคืฉื ืืืืืชื ืื
ื ืืืฉืืข ืื ืฉืืื ืืืณ ืืืืจ; ืื ืืณ ืื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืืืจ ืืืื
ืื ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉื ืืช ืื ืืขืื ืื; ืืืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืขืื ืืื
ืื ืืชืจื ืืืฉื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืชืืขืง ืืงืื ืืืื; ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืจืืืชื ื ืืืชื ืฉืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืื ืชืืจืื ืื ืื ืจืืืช; ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืจืืืชื ืขืืื ืื ืืืจืฅื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืืจื ืืชืืืจ ืืืฉ ืืงื ืขืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืขืื; ืืืืข ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืคืื ืืจืฆื ืืืฉืชืืื
ืืชืืคืฉ literally means โhe disguised himselfโ (compare (ืืืืื ื ืื:ื)โ ืืืชืืคืฉ ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื) but the Midrash puts a stronger spin on it:
ืืื ืืืชืืคืฉ ืฉืืื ืฉื ืขืฉื ืืคืฉื ืื ืืืืืืช
And then ironically, Saul swears in the name of ืืณ:
ืืืฉืืข ืื ืฉืืื ืืืณ: ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืชื ืฉืขื ืืจืดื ืืฉื ืืืฉื ืฉืืืชื ืืฆื ืืืืื ืื ืฉืืขืช ืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืฉืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืืขืื ื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืณ ืื ืืงืจื ืขืื ืืืืจ ืืื
ืืื ืช ืืืจื ืืืดื ืืืืจ, ืฉืฉืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืขื ืฉื ืฆืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืืงืืดื ืืื ืกืจ ืืืืืช ืืืจืืช ืืณ.
When the woman describes ืืืฉ ืืงื ืขืื ืืืื ืขืื ืืขืื, Saul immediately knows that this is Samuel. The ืืขืื was the symbol of Samuel:
ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืฉืจืช ืืช ืคื ื ืืณ; ื ืขืจ ืืืืจ ืืคืื ืืื
ืื ืืืขืื ืงืื ืชืขืฉื ืื ืืื ืืืขืืชื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืขืืืชื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืืื
But it had even greater meaning for Saul himself. The image of Samuel ืขืื ืืขืื is the reminder of Saulโs fate:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืขืืจืชื ืืช ืคื ืืณ ืืืช ืืืจืื; ืื ืืจืืชื ืืช ืืขื ืืืฉืืข ืืงืืืื
ืื ืืขืชื ืฉื ื ื ืืช ืืืืชื; ืืฉืื ืขืื ืืืฉืชืืื ืืืณื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืื ืขืื; ืื ืืืกืชื ืืช ืืืจ ืืณ ืืืืืกื ืืณ ืืืืืช ืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืืกื ืฉืืืื ืืืืช; ืืืืืง ืืื ืฃ ืืขืืื ืืืงืจืขื
And with this Saul knows he has finally irretreviably failed.
We have one more question to address: if necromancy is false, what is this vision of Samuel? The Malbim summarizes the approaches in the commentators:
ืืืคืจืฉืื ืืืจืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืคืื ืืื ืืฆืืืืจ ืฉืืฉื ืืืฉืคืื ืชืืฉืื ืขื ื ืคืฉ ืื ืืื ืืฆืจืืจื ืืฆืจืืจ ืืืืื ืืืขืื ื ืืืืืช ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืงืืื?
ืืืืืจ ืืืืื ืจืณ ืฉืืืื ืื ืืคื ื ืฉืื ืืขืฉื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืืืชืืืื. ืืืืืจ ืืจืืืดื ืฉืืื ืืคืขืืืช ืื ืืืืืื.
ืืืดื ืื ืืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉ, ืืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืจืช, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืจืื.
ืืืืืจ ืจื ืืื ืืืื ืืจื ืกืขืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืช ืฉืืืื ืจืง ืืืืจื ืืืืืื ืืืขื ืืืืข ืืฉืืื ืืขืชืื ืืืื ืขืืื ืืขื ืืืชื. ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืข ืื ืขื ืื ืืืืจืื ืืื ืืืืื?
ืืืืืจ ืืืจืืดื ืฉืฉื ืืชืืืฉ ืืืืคื ืฉื ืฉืืืื, ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืงืจืืืื ืืืชืืืื ืืฉื ืฉืืืื ืืฆื ืืืคื. ืืืืืจ ืืขื ืขืงืืช ืืฆืืง ืฉืืื ืืชืืืื ืืคืขืืื, ืืขืืดื ืืชืขืืจืจ ืฉืืืื ืืขืฆืื ืื ืขืดื ืืืจื ืืืื.
ืืืื ืืื ืื ื ืืืืืงืื ืืขืฆืืืื ืืืื, ืืื ืืืดื ืืืืืืชืืื ืกืคืจื ืืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืฉื ื ืืืชืืืืโฆืื ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฆืืช ืืืืขืื ืืื ืชืกืชืืง ืชืืืฃ ืืืืช ืืืื ืืชืฉืื ืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ื ืชื ื. ืืืื ืื ืคืฉ ืืืืืืื ืืช ืืืชืืื ืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืื ืชืกืชืืง ืขื ืืืืช ืืืืื ืืงืืจ ืืืจ ืืดื ืืืฉโฆืืื ืขืื ืฉืื ื ืขืฉื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืืืืื ืขืดื ืืฆืืจืืฃ ืืืืืืื ืฉืืืื ืืืืฃ ืืืชืคืจืื ืืืงืื, ืขืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉ ืื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื, ืืืฉ ืื ืื ืืืืื ืขืชืืืืช ืขืดื ืคืขืืืช ืืงืกื, ืืืืดื ื ืฉืืช ืฉืืืื ืืขืืืื ื ืืืืืื ืชืขืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืจืฆืืช ืืืืื, ืื ืจืง ืืจืื ืฉืืื ืืืืง ืขืืืื ืขื ืืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืจืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืขืดื ืืงืกื.
So the Malbim is willing to accept that necromancy works. I am hesitant to say this, and I would take the approach of the Akedat Yitzchak, with a slightly different angle from the ืจืืืดื:
ืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืฆืืขืจ ืขื ืืืจ ืื ืืขืคืดื ืฉืฉืืขืชื ืฉืื ืืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืฉืืืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืืื ืืช ืืืืืืช ืื ืืืจืฅ ืขื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืขืืืจื ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืื. ืืดื ืืืืืื ืืืจ ืื ืขื ืฉืืืื ืืืชืื ืืื ืงืจื ืืฉื ืืืืจื ืืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืงืืจืื ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืื ืขืื ืฉ ืืื.
โฆ
ืืขืชื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืชื ืื ืืืฉืจ ืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืขืืช ืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืช ืฉืืืื ืืืื ืขืฉืชื ืคืขืืืืชืื ืืงืกืืื ืืงืืจืชืื ืืืฉืืขืืชืื ืืืื ืืก ืืืืคื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืกืืืื ืฉืืฉ ืืคืขืืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืก ืืืืฃ ืืืืืจ ืืื ืงื ืืืืื ืจืื ืื ืฉืืชื ืฉื ืฉืืืื ืื ืืื ืฉืชืื ืก ืืืืฃ ืืืฉืจ ืืชืืื ืื ืืื ืืืขืืช ืืื ืืดื ืืื ืืืฆืืช ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื โฆืืืื ืฉืืืจื ืืืงืื ืจืืืชื ืขืืืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืืืจื ืฉืืื ืื ืืฉืืจ ืืคืขืืื ืืื ืืืงืื ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืงืืืฉืโฆ
So my understanding is: Whether or not the necromancy would truly work, the ืืขืืช ืืื was going to do something. Saul was going to hear what he was prepared to hear. The ืืืืื ืืณ would have been overwhelming. So ืืณ allowed Saul to have this little hint of ื ืืืื; nothing that told him anything he didnโt already know, but to finally tell Saul to face his destiny. The ืืขืืช ืืื cries out in shock because her magic actually worked; it was completely different from what she had ever done before. She realized that this was in fact Saul and her life was in danger. But she continues the sรฉance, and we will deal with the substance of Samuelโs message next time.