ื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืื ืขืชื ืืกืคื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืื; ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืงืฉื ื ืขืื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื
ื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืฉ ืืืืช ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืขืื; ืื ืืืืฉ ืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืชื
ื ืืืฉื ืืื ืขื ืืืืฉ ืืืช ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืืฉ ืืืืชื; ืืื ืืฉืชื ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืขืืืช ืืืืืืื ืืฉืช ื ืื ืืืจืืืืชื
ื ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืจื ืืื ืืช; ืืื ืืืกืฃ (ืืกืฃ) ืขืื ืืืงืฉืื
How could David leave ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื? Didnโt he just compare that to worshipping ืืืืื ืืืจืื?
โฆืื ืืจืฉืื ื ืืืื ืืืกืชืคื ืื ืืืช ืืณ ืืืืจ ืื ืขืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื
ืชืดืจ ืืขืืื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืืดื ืืคืืณ ืืขืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืืืดื ืืืคืืื ืืขืืจ ืฉืจืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืึพืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืึพืืื.
And in fact, the commentators say this is exactly what David was talking about. When he said ืืืื, he meant literally โtodayโโI have been forced into exile today, to the Philistines:
ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืืณ , ืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื , ืืืืช ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื .
The ืืฉืืฆืืช ืืื points out that there is a problem with this interpretation, since ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื really is part of ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื:
ื ืืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืช ืืื, ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืคื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืคื ืื ื ืืชื. ืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืฃ ืืืืื ืืจืงื ืืื ืืืืจ; ืจืื ืืืืขืืจ ืืืืจ, ืืคืืื ืืืคืจ ืืืืื ืืืื. ืืืืืื ืืืืจืื, ืืื ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืคื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืคื ืื ื ืืชื, ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืช ืืื. ืืืืืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ื ืืืืื ืช ืืื, ืฆืจืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืคื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืคื ืื ื ืืชื; ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืื.
ื ืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืจืงื ืืืืจื ืืจืงื ืืืืจื, ืืืฉืงืืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฉืงืืื ืืืจืื, ืืขืื ืืืฆืคืื ืืขืื ืืฆืคืื; ืจืื ืืืืจ ืืืืจ, ืขืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื.
ืืงืฉื ืจืดืช ืืืฉืงืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืืฉืข ืืืช ืืืจืฅ ืื ืฉืืจืช ืืืืณ ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืฉืงืืื ื ืืืชืื ืืคืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืฆืืืชืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืืชืื ืืฉืืคืืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืขืื ืืืช ืืฉืงืืื ืืืช ืืืืื.
So we have the Mishna that explains that Ashkelon (in the ancient land of the Philistines) is not part of ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื, though the ื ืืื says that it is. While Tosaphot doesnโt bring this, the idea that ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื is part of ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื is implied in the Torah as well:
ืืืื ืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืจืืฉืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื; ืืืื ืืฆืืง ืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืจืจืื
ื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืณ ืืืืืจ ืื ืชืจื ืืฆืจืืื; ืฉืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืืืื ืขืื ืืืืจืื; ืื ืื ืืืืจืขื ืืชื ืืช ืื ืืืจืฆืช ืืื ืืืงืืชื ืืช ืืฉืืขื ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืขืชื ืืืืจืื ืืืืื
ืฉืืื ืืขืชื ืืจืืช ืืฆืจืืื ืืื ืฉืืจื ืืืื ืืืื ืืจืขื, ืืืจ ืื ืื ืชืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืฉืืชื ืขืืื ืชืืืื, ืืืื ืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืื.
Tosaphot brings two explanations:
ืืืจืดืช ืืขืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืจ ืืคืดืง ืืืืืื (ืืฃ ื.) ืืื ืืืช ืฉืื ืืจืื ืืจืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืโฆืืืืจ ืจืดื ืืืคืืื ืืฆื ืฉื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืฆืดื ืืคื ื ื ืืชื ืืืืณ ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืกืืฃ ืืืืื ืืจืืืง ืืขืืงืจ ืืฉืื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืคืื ืื ืืืฉืืืืช ืืืชื ืืื ืื.
The Ri says that Ashkelon is in fact in Israel, but itโs so far from the center of the population that we consider it foreign. Rabbeinu Tam makes a distinction between the first commonwealth, ืืืืฉ ืขืืื ืืฆืจืื, and the second, ืืืืฉ ืขืืื ืืื, that is reflected in the Rambam:
ืื ืฉืืืืืงื ืขืืื ืืฆืจืืื, ืื ืชืงืืฉ ืงืืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ืโืืืื ืฉืืื, ืืืื ืงืืืฉืชื: ืฉืงืืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ืโืืคื ืฉืืืืชื ืืคื ื ืืืืืืฉ ืืืื, ืงืืืฉื ืืฉืขืชื ืืื ืงืืืฉื ืืขืชืื ืืืื.
ืืืื ืฉืขืื ืื ื ืืืืื, ืืืืืืงื ืืืงืฆืช ืืืจืฅโืงืืืฉืื ืงืืืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืขืืืืช ืืขืืื, ืืฉืขืชื ืืืขืชืื ืืืืโฆืืจืื ื ืืงืืืฉ ืืชืืจ ืืืช ืฉืื, ืืืืชื ืืืงืืืืช ืฉืื ืืืืืงื ืืื ืขืืื ืืื; ืืืื ื ืื ื ืขื ืืฉืงืืื, ืืคืืจื ืื ืืืขืฉืจืืช.
ืืืื ืื ื ืืืืจ ืืืงืืฉ ืืืจืืฉืืื, ืฉืงืืืฉื ืจืืฉืื ื ืงืืืฉืชื ืืขืชืื ืืืื, ืืืงืืืฉืช ืฉืืจ ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืื ืฉืืืขืืช ืืืขืฉืจืืช ืืืืืฆื ืืื, ืื ืงืืืฉื ืืขืชืื ืืืื: ืืคื ืฉืงืืืฉืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืืจืืฉืืืโืืคื ื ืืฉืืื ื, ืืฉืืื ื ืืื ื ืืืืื. ืืืจื ืืื ืืืืจ: ืืืฉืืืืชื ืืช ืืงืืฉืืื (ืืืงืจื ืื:ืื); ืืืืจื ืืืืื, ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืฉืืืืื, ืืงืืืฉืชื ืื ืขืืืืื.
ืืื ืืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืืืขืืช ืืืืขืฉืจืืช, ืืื ื ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืื ืืืืืฉ ืจืืื; ืืืืื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืืืืโืืื ืืืืืืฉ ืื ืคืืจื ืื ืืชืืจื ืื ืืืขืฉืจืืช ืืื ืืฉืืืขืืช, ืฉืืจื ืืื ื ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื. ืืืืื ืฉืขืื ืขืืจื ืืงืืืฉื, ืื ืงืืืฉื ืืืืืืฉ ืืื ืืืืงื ืฉืืืืืงื ืื; ืืืคืืื ืื ืืงืื ืฉืืืืืงื ืื ืขืืื ืืื, ืื ืชืงืืฉ ืืงืืืฉืช ืขืืจื ืืฉื ืืืโืืจื ืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืืื, ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉื ืืงืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื ื, ืืืืื ืืฉืืืขืืช ืืืืขืฉืจืืช, ืขื ืืืจื ืฉืืืืจื ื ืืืืืืช ืชืจืืื.
Itโs not clear from the Rambam why there should be a difference between ืืืืืฉ and ืืืงื. Rav Shaviv of the Herzog Institute has a summary of some of the discussion. Rav Soloveitchik explains the concept of ืืืงื in this context:
ืืื, ืืืืข ืื ืชืชืืื ืงืืืฉืช ืขืืจื?โฆืืืืจื ืฉื ืืืงื ืืืืื ืืื ืคืฉืื ืืืชืืฉืืืชโฆืงืืืื ืืืฆืื, ืืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืื ืฉื ืงืืืื ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืงืืคืฆืื? ืื ืืืืืฉ ืืืืฉืข ืืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืืืฉ ืืื, ืืจื ืื ืืืชืืืฉืืืช ืฉื ืขืืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืืฉื ืืจืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืฅโฆ!
ืืขื ืืื ืฉืืจืืืดื ืืืืืจ ืขื ืืื ืื ืฉื ืืืื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืืฉืขโฆืืืืืืช ืืืช ืืืืืจืโฆื ืจืื ืืื, ืื ืืืชื ืชืืจืืฅ ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืงืืืฉืช ืืืจืฅโฆืืืึพืืื ืืชืืจืืฅ ืืืกืืืจ ืืช ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืฉืข ืืขืืจื.
โฆ
[ืืืืืืฉ ืืืืฉืข]
ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ื ืชืงืืฉื ืืืืืืฉ ืขืื ืืคื ื ืฉืืืชื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืช ืืืืืจืโฆืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืื ืงืืืฉื ืืื ืืืืฅ ืื ืคื ืื, ืื ืืคืจืืคืจืื ืฉื ืืืฉืึพื ืชืงืืฉื ืชืืืื ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืฉึพืืชืงืืฉ ืืืจึพืื.
ืืืืื, ืฉืื ื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืื ืขืืจื. ืืฉืืจืืืดื ืืืืจ ืขื ืืืงื ืฉืืืืืงื ืื ืขืืื ืืืโืืืื ืืืชื ืืืงื ืื? ืื ืืคืจืืคืจืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจืื, ืืืจืืฉืืื.
Thus the ืงืืืฉื of ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื in the days of Ezra was derived from the ืงืืืฉื of the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ, and was not removed with the Roman exile. As an aside, the question then arises: why wasnโt ืืืืฉ ืขืืื ืืฆืจืื ืงืืืฉื ืืฉืขืชื ืืืขืชืื ืืืื? The Rav doesnโt address that question; he is only interested in the halachic implications. But telelogically I think the answer is that given by the ืืืจ ืืืืื among others:
ืืื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืคื ืืืจืืื ืืดื (ืชืขื ืืช ืื,ื) ืฉืืืจื ืืคืกืืง (ืืืืืจ ืืณื:ื) ืืืืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืืณ ืงืืขื ืืืื ืืืืจืืช ืื ืืื ืชืฉืขื ืืื ืืืชื ืฉืื ื ืืจื ืืืืช, ืืืืจื ืขืื (ืกืืื ื,ื) ืฉืื ืืื ื ืื ื ืืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืืช ื ืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืืืขืช ืื, ืืืืจื ืขืื (ืืืจืฉ ืชืืืื ืขื) ืืคืกืืง ืืืืืจ ืืืกืฃ ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืณ ืืืดื ืงืื ื ืืืขื ืืื ืืื ืขื ืฉืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืขื ืขืฆืื ืืืื ืื, ืืขืชื ืื ืืื ื ืื ืก ืืฉื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืื ื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ ืืืืฉืืื ืืืชื ืขืืื ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืื ืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืฃ ืืณ ืืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ื ืืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืืืช.
A ืืงืืฉ-centered conquest at that time, led by leaders of the caliber of Moshe, would have resulted in a ืงืืืฉื that would never be destroyed. Instead, when the Jewish people sinned, they would have been the ones to be destroyed.
But this idea, that Davidโs sojourn in ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื was in a quasi-Israel, may be how Radak understands Davidโs situation:
ืืขืคืดื ืฉืื ื ืจืืืื ืื ืืขืช ืืืืืฉ ืืืจืฅ ืืืชื ืฆืงืื ืืื ื ืืืืื ืืคืฉืจ ืื ืขื ืฉื ืกืืคื ื ืืชืื ืฉื, ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืฉืืืฉืื ืื ืืืืจื ืื ืืงืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืฉืืฉื ืื ืืื ื ืฉืืจื ืื ืขื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืขืื ืืคืืื ืืืจ ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืืืืื.
ืืจืฅ ืคืืฉืชืื may have had the holiness of ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื when Joshua conquered it, but this is the Middle East. No battle is ever over; no one stays beaten. The Philistines retook their land and in Davidโs time he considered it ืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ.
Bleep
And to return to Rashiโs interesting comment:
ืืืืฆื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจืื ืืืืฅ ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืขืืื ืขืืืื ืืจื
The phrase ืืืื ืืืืช is clearly extraneous; itโs not in the original quote in the Talmud and more to the point, it doesnโt apply to David: there is no ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. This would appear to have been an interpolation by the censor. Rabbi Steven Weil of the OU likes to point out that there is evidence that most of what we call โcensoringโ of medieval Jewish manuscripts was actually self-censorship: the Church would be more likely to burn the whole book rather thanoffer a detailed critique of the phrases it didnโt like. The Jewish publishers took out or edited anything that they were afraidmight offend the censor. In the case of Rashiโs commentary, Lisa Fredman (who has a PhD in such things) mentions Domenico Irosolomitano (in the linked lecture, at 23:44 on), a sixteenth century Italian apostate who published Sefer HaZikuk in Hebrew, with a list of books and phrases to be censored (like ืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืื, ืื ื ืืจื ื ืืจืืโฆืืืืง ืืืืชื ืืืงืืื: ืขืืืดื; see Rav Bermanโs article).