ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: What Happens in Ziklag

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืื›ื™ืฉ ืื ื ื ืžืฆืืชื™ ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื™ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืžืงื•ื ื‘ืื—ืช ืขืจื™ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ืืฉื‘ื” ืฉื; ื•ืœืžื” ื™ืฉื‘ ืขื‘ื“ืš ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ืขืžืšืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืื›ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืืช ืฆืงืœื’; ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืงืœื’ ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื–

Shimon Says

I want to look for a moment at Ziklag. Where is it, and why is it important that it became a holding of ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”? We find it mentioned in ื ื—ืœืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:

ื› ื–ืืช ื ื—ืœืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืืƒ ื›ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืขืจื™ื ืžืงืฆื” ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื ื‘ื ื’ื‘ื” ืงื‘ืฆืืœ ื•ืขื“ืจ ื•ื™ื’ื•ืจืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ืงื™ื ื” ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื ื” ื•ืขื“ืขื“ื”ืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ืงื“ืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ืชื ืŸืƒ ื›ื“ ื–ื™ืฃ ื•ื˜ืœื ื•ื‘ืขืœื•ืชืƒ ื›ื” ื•ื—ืฆื•ืจ ื—ื“ืชื” ื•ืงืจื™ื•ืช ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื—ืฆื•ืจืƒ ื›ื• ืืžื ื•ืฉืžืข ื•ืžื•ืœื“ื”ืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื—ืฆืจ ื’ื“ื” ื•ื—ืฉืžื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืคืœื˜ืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืชื™ื”ืƒ ื›ื˜ ื‘ืขืœื” ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื•ืขืฆืืƒ ืœ ื•ืืœืชื•ืœื“ ื•ื›ืกื™ืœ ื•ื—ืจืžื”ืƒ ืœื ื•ืฆืงืœื’ ื•ืžื“ืžื ื” ื•ืกื ืกื ื”ืƒ ืœื‘ ื•ืœื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืœื—ื™ื ื•ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ; ื›ืœ ืขืจื™ื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืชืฉืข ื•ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ืŸืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

But really it belonged to ื ื—ืœืช ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ:

ื ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ื’ื•ืจืœ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืœืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื ื—ืœืชื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืœื”ื ื‘ื ื—ืœืชื ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืžื•ืœื“ื”ืƒ ื’ ื•ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื•ืขืœ ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ืขืฆืืƒ ื“ ื•ืืœืชื•ืœื“ ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœ ื•ื—ืจืžื”ืƒ ื” ื•ืฆืงืœื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื—ืฆืจ ืกื•ืกื”ืƒ ื• ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืœื‘ืื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ื—ืŸ; ืขืจื™ื ืฉืœืฉ ืขืฉืจื” ื•ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ืŸืƒ ื– ืขื™ืŸ ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืขืชืจ ื•ืขืฉืŸ; ืขืจื™ื ืืจื‘ืข ื•ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ืŸืƒ ื— ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ ื‘ืขืœืช ื‘ืืจ ืจืืžืช ื ื’ื‘; ื–ืืช ื ื—ืœืช ืžื˜ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชืืƒ ื˜ ืžื—ื‘ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ; ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ ืžื”ื ื•ื™ื ื—ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื ื—ืœืชืืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื™ื˜

But what happened to ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ? We never hear from them again. If they were mixed in with ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, why arenโ€™t they part of the โ€œtwoโ€ tribes of the Kingdom of Judah after the split? The history is outlined in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื:

ื›ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ; ื ืžื•ืืœ ื•ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื™ืจื™ื‘ ื–ืจื— ืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื›ื” ืฉืœื ื‘ื ื• ืžื‘ืฉื ื‘ื ื• ืžืฉืžืข ื‘ื ื•ืƒ ื›ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืžืฉืžืข ื—ืžื•ืืœ ื‘ื ื• ื–ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ื ื•ืƒ ื›ื– ื•ืœืฉืžืขื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืฉื” ืขืฉืจ ื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืฉ ื•ืœืื—ื™ื• ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื; ื•ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื• ืขื“ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ

ื›ื— ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื•ืžื•ืœื“ื” ื•ื—ืฆืจ ืฉื•ืขืœืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื‘ื‘ืœื”ื” ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื•ื‘ืชื•ืœื“ืƒ ืœ ื•ื‘ื‘ืชื•ืืœ ื•ื‘ื—ืจืžื” ื•ื‘ืฆื™ืงืœื’ืƒ ืœื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ืกื•ืกื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจืื™ ื•ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื; ืืœื” ืขืจื™ื”ื ืขื“ ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ืƒ ืœื‘ ื•ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ื ืขื™ื˜ื ื•ืขื™ืŸ ืจืžื•ืŸ ื•ืชื›ืŸ ื•ืขืฉืŸ; ืขืจื™ื ื—ืžืฉืƒ ืœื’ ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืขื“ ื‘ืขืœ;

ื–ืืช ืžื•ืฉื‘ืชื ื•ื”ืชื™ื—ืฉื ืœื”ืืƒ ืœื“ ื•ืžืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื•ื™ื•ืฉื” ื‘ืŸ ืืžืฆื™ื”ืƒ ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืจื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืืœืƒ ืœื• ื•ืืœื™ื•ืขื™ื ื™ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ื” ื•ื™ืฉื•ื—ื™ื” ื•ืขืฉื™ื” ื•ืขื“ื™ืืœ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืžืืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ืƒ ืœื– ื•ื–ื™ื–ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคืขื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืœื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื™ื”ืƒ ืœื— ืืœื” ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื; ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืคืจืฆื• ืœืจื•ื‘ืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื ื’ื“ืจ ืขื“ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžืจืขื” ืœืฆืื ืืƒ ืž ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืžืจืขื” ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืืจืฅ ืจื—ื‘ืช ื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืฉืงื˜ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ื”; ื›ื™ ืžืŸ ื—ื ื”ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ืืƒ ืžื ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืืœื” ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื™ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ื›ื• ืืช ืื”ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืžืขื™ื ื™ื (ื”ืžืขื•ื ื™ื) ืืฉืจ ื ืžืฆืื• ืฉืžื” ื•ื™ื—ืจื™ืžื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืชื—ืชื™ื”ื; ื›ื™ ืžืจืขื” ืœืฆืื ื ืฉืืƒ ืžื‘ ื•ืžื”ื ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช; ื•ืคืœื˜ื™ื” ื•ื ืขืจื™ื” ื•ืจืคื™ื” ื•ืขื–ื™ืืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืขื™ ื‘ืจืืฉืืƒ ืžื’ ื•ื™ื›ื• ืืช ืฉืืจื™ืช ื”ืคืœื˜ื” ืœืขืžืœืง; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื“

ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื›ืฉื”ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืฉื• ืชืจืขื•ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืจืฆื• ืœื’ืจืฉื ืžืืจืฆื ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื’ืจืฉื ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ื• ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื“ื” ื•ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื•ื›ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื• ืฉื‘ื˜ื• ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืžื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืืช ืืจืฆื ืฉื”ืฉืื™ืœื• ืœื”ื ื•ื”ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ืจ ืฉื ื›ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ื—ืฉืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื›ืชื‘ ืืœื” ืขืจื™ื”ื ืขื“ ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืฉืžืœืš ื’ืจืฉื. ืžืคื™ืณ ืจื‘ื™ ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืœื ื–ืดืœ ื•ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืณ ืœื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืจ ืœื•ื™ ืื—ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื”ื“ืจืฉืŸ.

ืจืฉืดื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื“:ืœื

ื›ืฉืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื—ื–ืงื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื’ืจืฉื•ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื ื—ืœืชื ื•ื”ื ื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ื ื ื—ืœื”, ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจื• ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœืžื‘ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืจ ืขื“ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ื’ื™ ื•ืžื”ื ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืจ ืฉืขื™ืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ ื›ื™ ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ื ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ื ื—ืœื”, ื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื–ืืช ืžืฉื‘ื•ืชื ื•ื”ืชื™ื—ืกื ืœื”ื, ืจืดืœ ื›ื™ ืืœื” ื—ืžืฉ ืขืจื™ื ื•ื—ืฆืจื™ื”ื ื ืฉืืจื• ืœื”ื ื•ืœื ื’ืจืฉื•ื ืžืฉื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.

ืจื“ืดืง ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื“:ื›ื–

So they had their cities in Judah ืขื“ ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื™ื“. We donโ€™t know any details (the Malbim says ื›ื™ ื‘ืžืœื•ืš ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืงืœื’ ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื ื’ืจืขื” ืžื ื—ืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, connecting it to our story) , but at that time they were reduced to only 5 cities, and by the time of ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• they migrated east ืขื“ ืœืžื–ืจื— ื”ื’ื™ื, presumably east of the Aravah valley, and some south into ืฉืขื™ืจ and the Negev (the territory of ืขืžืœืง). But the split, the point that they no longer were considered part of Judah, came well before that. We have a story from the time of Asa, the grandson of Rehoboam:

ื— ื•ื›ืฉืžืข ืืกื ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ืขื“ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ืชื—ื–ืง ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืงื•ืฆื™ื ืžื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืขืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื›ื“ ืžื”ืจ ืืคืจื™ื; ื•ื™ื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืœืคื ื™ ืื•ืœื ื”ืณืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืงื‘ืฅ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื”ื’ืจื™ื ืขืžื”ื ืžืืคืจื™ื ื•ืžื ืฉื” ื•ืžืฉืžืขื•ืŸ; ื›ื™ ื ืคืœื• ืขืœื™ื• ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืจื‘ ื‘ืจืืชื ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื• ืขืžื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

And after the time of ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื•, in the renaissance of ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื•, we see that ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ was as โ€œforeignโ€ a territory as ืืคืจื™ื:

ื ื‘ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ื™ืืฉื™ื”ื• ื‘ืžืœื›ื•; ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืื—ืช ืฉื ื” ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ื”ื™ืฉืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณ; ื•ื™ืœืš ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœื ืกืจ ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืื•ืœืƒ ื’ ื•ื‘ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉื ื™ื ืœืžืœื›ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื ืขืจ ื”ื—ืœ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืœืืœืงื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืื‘ื™ื•; ื•ื‘ืฉืชื™ื ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ื”ื—ืœ ืœื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช ื•ื”ืืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืชืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ื ืชืฆื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ืืช ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืžื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื’ื“ืข; ื•ื”ืืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื•ื”ืžืกื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืจ ื•ื”ื“ืง ื•ื™ื–ืจืง ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ืœื”ืืƒ ื” ื•ืขืฆืžื•ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืฉืจืฃ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืชื™ื (ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืชื); ื•ื™ื˜ื”ืจ ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืืƒ ื• ื•ื‘ืขืจื™ ืžื ืฉื” ื•ืืคืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื ืคืชืœื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ืชื™ื”ื (ื‘ื—ืจื‘ืชื™ื”ื) ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืƒ ื– ื•ื™ื ืชืฅ ืืช ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ื•ืช ื•ืืช ื”ืืฉืจื™ื ื•ื”ืคืกืœื™ื ื›ืชืช ืœื”ื“ืง ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืžื ื™ื ื’ื“ืข ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ืคืจืง ืœื“

So there seems to be a backstory to Davidโ€™s selection of Ziklag as his new base of operations. It is in effect his first act as ืžืœืš ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, to expand its territory (under Philistine suzerainty) but dispossessing the tribe of Shimon. They eventually end up pushed into territory outside the bounds of ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. I am not surprised that they joined the rebellion of Jeroboam and became part of the โ€œNorthernโ€ Kingdom of Israel.

ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”

Back to our story, and the comment that ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืงืœื’ ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. What does it mean to say ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”? โ€Until todayโ€œ? โ€œUnto this very dayโ€? It comes up all the time in ืชื ืดืšโ€Ž (83 times according to my concordance) but when you think about it deeply, it is very unusual. The narrator in ืชื ืดืš is always omniscient and omnipresent; thereโ€™s never a sense that he is a person talking to the reader. Meir Sternberg points out that this, as a literary technique, emphasizes the divine nature of the text; we are not meant to get a sense that there is a human author writing this in a specific time and for a specific audience. It is of course true that, after the ืชื•ืจื” itself, ื ืดืš is written by divinely-inspired human beings, but the author never interposes himself into the story; there is no โ€œIโ€ or โ€œnowโ€, except in quotations. There are, to my knowledge, only three exceptions, and each requires an explanation (which is beyond our scope here). But listen to how dissonant they sound from what we would expect:

ื‘ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืขืฉื” ืœืš ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื; ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื ื™ืชืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืœื• ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื—ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืžืœ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื’ื‘ืขืช ื”ืขืจืœื•ืชืƒ ื“ ื•ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืžืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข; ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ืฆื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื”ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืžืชื• ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ ื” ื›ื™ ืžืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ืฆืื™ื; ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฆืืชื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืžืœื•ืƒ ื• ื›ื™ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื“ ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ื™ืฆืื™ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ; ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืณ ืœื”ื ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ืจืื•ืชื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ื”ืณ ืœืื‘ื•ืชื ืœืชืช ืœื ื• ืืจืฅ ื–ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉืƒ ื– ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื”ืงื™ื ืชื—ืชื ืืชื ืžืœ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข; ื›ื™ ืขืจืœื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ืžืœื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ื“ืจืšืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ืคืจืง ื”

ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ื ื” ื ื ืื™ืฉ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ืืช ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื™ื‘ื•ื; ืขืชื” ื ืœื›ื” ืฉื ืื•ืœื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื• ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ืƒ ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืขืจื• ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืœืš ื•ืžื” ื ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื”ืœื—ื ืื–ืœ ืžื›ืœื™ื ื• ื•ืชืฉื•ืจื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื; ืžื” ืืชื ื•ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืกืฃ ื”ื ืขืจ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื ื” ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืจื‘ืข ืฉืงืœ ื›ืกืฃ; ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœื ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื ื•ืƒ ื˜ ืœืคื ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืœื›ืชื• ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืืœืงื™ื ืœื›ื• ื•ื ืœื›ื” ืขื“ ื”ืจืื”; ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืจื ืœืคื ื™ื ื”ืจืื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื˜

ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื’ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืžื• ืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืžืช ืขื“ ื ื—ืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ืืจื‘ืขื” ืขืฉืจ ื™ื•ืืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื—:ืกื”

But then thereโ€™s this phrase ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”. Always the same wording, and itโ€™s not clear how long a time period itโ€™s talking about. If we interpret it as โ€œuntil this day, the day that I the author am writing these wordsโ€, then they often make no sense:

ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจ ืืชื• ื‘ื’ื™ ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืื‘ ืžื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืคืขื•ืจ; ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืงื‘ืจืชื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื“:ื•

If Moshe wrote these words, then โ€œuntil nowโ€ has no meaning. And even if we want to say Joshua wrote the last few verses, then heโ€™s writing immediately after Mosheโ€™s death. What does it mean to say โ€œuntil nowโ€โ€”for the past few days? We could argue that this is evidence for the Documentary Hypothesis, that the Torah was compiled centuries later with editorial insertions by the redactor, then thereโ€™s a line in ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข that is incomprehensible:

ื•ืืช ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• (ื™ื›ืœื•) ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ืฉื; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื˜ื•:ืกื’

This must have been written early, before David conquered Jerusalem. Thatโ€™s consistent with ื—ื–ืดืœ's statement that Joshua and Pinchas wrote ืกืคืจ ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข, but what late Judean author would write ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”? And throughout ืชื ืดืš there are examples like this, where itโ€™s hard to place the author in a time where โ€œuntil the day I am writingโ€ makes sense. So I would reframe how we look at this phrase. Itโ€™s a fixed set of words that should be taken as a whole, not read analytically. It is an idiom, that should be translated as the Radak does here:

ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืขืœื”.

ืจื“ืดืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื–:ื•

It may be written as a statement of intent, or of prophecy, or a commandment, but it means โ€œfrom then onโ€, not โ€œuntil a specific timeโ€.

ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”

Still the phrase ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืงืœื’ ืœืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” is very difficult. Why mention ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”? There were no ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” until after the kingdom split, and ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ was written well before that:

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจื•โ€ฆื“ืืกืงื™ื” ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื

ื‘ื‘ื ื‘ืชืจื ื˜ื•,ื

And that comes from ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื explicitly:

ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื ื™ื ื”ื ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืื” ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื˜:ื›ื˜

One answer is that of the Abarbanel, that ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ was acrtually finally compiled much later:

ื•ื™ื“ืžื” ืฉื™ืจืžื™ื”ื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืจืฆื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ืžืœื›ื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืงื•ื“ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืฅ ืžืืžืจื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ื”ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืกืคืง ืฉื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ื‘ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืžื” ืฉืจืื” ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืžืจื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”.

ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืœ, ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื

The Nachlas Shimon (Shimon Zarchi, Poland and Israel, d. 1860), cited in the Artscroll Shmuel, proposed that ื ืชืŸ actually lived until after the split (some 60+ years after he is introduced) and so saying ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” would not be inappropriate. However, this does not address why this comment is inserted here. I think that even during the reigns of David and Solomon, in a nominally united kingdom, they really were both ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” and ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, similar to the official title of the British king before the Act of Union, โ€œKing of England, Scotland, France and Irelandโ€.

ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื; ื•ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืžืœืš ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื”

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ืžืœืš ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื“:ื

ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื˜ื— ืื™ืฉ ืชื—ืช ื’ืคื ื• ื•ืชื—ืช ืชืื ืชื• ืžื“ืŸ ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืืจ ืฉื‘ืข ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ืฉืœืžื”ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื”:ื”

I suspect that Ziklag remained the domain of David and his descendants in their capacity as ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (whether we read the ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” as prophetic foreshadowing or historical retrospective). This ties into what we saw before about the history of ืฉื‘ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ, and their loss of Ziklag. There is a subtle criticism of David here; David is acting not as king of all Israel, but as the ruler and advocate for his own tribe. The origin of the schism that would eventually destroy his kingdom are already visible here, as he begins his first role as a true leader.