Rabbi Gil Student brings the Kuzari which uses David’s comment about יומו יבוא ומת as the starting point to discuss the concept of predestination:
The irony of the Kuzari’s analysis (which he does go into) is that in fact, Saul does die by the fourth type, unmentioned by David: he commits suicide rather than be taken captive.
The Rashbash expands this to explain the idea of predestination and the judgment that we face on Rosh Hashana:
For most of us, our free will allows us to make bad decisions with negative consequences, even if ה׳ has not ordained it.
אל תהי מפליג לכל דבר
We all know the midrash about how David asked ה׳ why He created spiders and wasps, and how those animals ended up saving David’s life. What is interesting is where that comes from. There’s no “authoritative” source for that midrash (in any of the Talmud or the standard midrashim). There’s a hint to the spider story in the Targum to תהילים נז:
But there is no mention of the wasp. The story as a whole is brought down in the Alphabet of Ben Sira.
אלפא-ביתא דבן סירא is an interesting source. It is a collection of epigrams and midrashim, probably composed in Gaonic times (between 700 and 1000 CE). The conceit is that it is written by the grandson of Jeremiah, the author of the apocryphal book of Ben Sira (to which the Alphabet is not actually related). It starts with 22 epigrams corresponding to the Hebrew alphabet (like א״לף: ”אל תתן דאגה בלבך, כי רבים הרגה הדאגה“; hence the name), then a series of aggadot written as questions and answers from Nebuchadnezzar to Ben Sira. Some of the stories are attested to elsewhere; most are unique to it and some are quite outlandish. It is most famous for being the most complete source for the legend of Lilith.
Many of the stories read as parodies of real midrashim, but it seems to be taken as a serious source, brought down in Eisenstein’s אוצר המדרשים and quoted in Artscroll’s Pirkei Avos Treasury. So I will quote the story (leaving out the parts that deal with David’s questions about insanity, which we have dealt with at length):
Now, this is a nice aggadic tale, and is usually brought to illustrate the maxim from פרקי אבות, how we should never disdain any of ה׳'s creations:
But why a spider? Why a wasp? I would like to look at the way these animals specifically are mentioned in תנ״ך. The spider is mentioned only twice:
And the wasp is mentioned three times, but all in the same context, the Israelite invasion of the land of the Emorites:
What’s the symbolism of the spider and the wasp? The spider is used as a metaphor of the wicked, but not in the way we might imagine: one who spins a web to catch the righteous. Instead, the spider’s web is a metaphor for the success of the wicked: it looks like an ornate, well-built structure (וּבֵית עַכָּבִישׁ מִבְטַחוֹ) or a protective garment (וְקוּרֵי עַכָּבִישׁ יֶאֱרֹגוּ) but it is truly flimsy and easily destroyed (יִשָּׁעֵן עַל בֵּיתוֹ וְלֹא יַעֲמֹד and קוּרֵיהֶם לֹא יִהְיוּ לְבֶגֶד). It is an approach to the problem of רשע וטוב לו; their success is only apparent and only temporary.
The wasp is ה׳'s tool in the conquest of ארץ ישראל. Here the problem is not the success of the wicked but the success of the righteous. It is too easy to see the military victory as a result of the Israelite’s prowess, and ה׳ sends the צרעה to remind them that it is not really בחרבך ובקשתך.
The message of these two arthropods is that we have to have faith in ה׳ in both good times and bad. We saw this when we analyzed תהילים פרק כז, לדוד ה׳ אורי וישעי. That was the meaning of the doubled קוה אל ה׳; חזק ויאמץ לבך; וקוה אל ה׳. And the two aspects reflect the two different stories of David sparing Saul’s life.
In the first, in פרק כד, David is on the run. He is hiding from Saul, who has tracked him down in the wilderness and now David is trapped in a cave, surrounded by Saul’s men. It is only ה׳'s providence, symbolized in the midrash by the spider, that keeps Saul from killing him and gives him the opportunity to turn the tables.
In the second, in our פרק, David is the one tracking down Saul. He goes into Saul’s camp and has them at his mercy. But he still needs ה׳'s providence to survive, symbolized in the midrash by the wasp, and in the text explicitly as תרדמת ה׳.
אל תשחת
With that, let’s look at the perek תהילים that חז״ל associate with our incident. It’s another אל תשחת-מכתם, a plea that David not be forced to kill:
The Midrash explains the connection:
I’m going to interpret this according to Hirsch, as an exhortation to the powerful to use their power for justice. It’s the message of the צרעה, that might does not win battles, ה׳ does, and so the might that ה׳ grants is meant to be used to fulfil His will.
Silence of the Lambs
Hirsch takes פסוק ב as a rhetorical question: האמנם אלם צדק? תדברון! ”Is it truly just to remain silent? You must speak out!“. If you remain silent in the face of evil then בלב עולת תפעלון, the evil comes to reality in your heart. Your פלס, ”weighing“, considering whether to act, results in חמס בארץ, and it will be ידיכם, your fault.
And there are no excuses. Even if זרו רשעים מרחם, the wicked are estranged from birth, you still must protest.
Snake Charming
And even if you know they will not listen, that they are like deaf snakes that cannot hear the snake charmer’s music. The metaphor of snake charming is familiar from the haftora for Tisha B’Av:
Here, David exhorts the listener (Hirsch reads אלהים as an apostrophe, a direct address to those who have the power to judge): if the snakes will not listen, then break their teeth. You have that power. And that destruction, mixing the metaphor to include breaking the molars of lions, is נְתֹץ ה׳, the work of “the L-rd of loving-kindness” in Hirsch’s terms.
Sluggish
And, David continues, if you do exert your strength, it will have an effect. Translating ימאסו like Ibn Ezra and Radak, as a version of ימסו, the wicked will melt away like water and their weapons shatter. שבלול is translated as snail (Hirsch connects it to שביל, a path, meaning the trail of slime it leaves behind. Sounds more like a slug to me). The slime left behind makes it appear that it is melting away. It’s a nice image, the venoumous snake becoming the vulnerable slug.
אשת is a mole; נפל אשת is a stillborn mole that never even sees the light of day.
Thorny problems
סיר is a small thorn; אטד is a briar patch. Hirsch, assuming that this entire perek is addressed to the צדיק, interprets this to mean that even the slightest effort will help, even before bringing your full strength to bear. He read כמו חי כמו חרון as a hendiadys, “like wrath incarnate”.
And if the righteous act this way, then all mankind will see that יש אלהים [meaning judges] שפטים בארץ.