ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: All in the Family

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื ื•ื™ืžืœื˜ ืืœ ืžืขืจืช ืขื“ืœื; ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื™ืจื“ื• ืืœื™ื• ืฉืžื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื

Note that David just โ€œื•ื™ืœืšโ€ from ื’ืช, but once in the territory of ื™ืฉืจืืœ he has to โ€œื•ื™ืžืœื˜โ€; he is still a wanted man. He goes to the cave of ืขื“ืœื, which symbolizes his return to his ancestral destiny, as the descendant of ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืจื“ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžืืช ืื—ื™ื•; ื•ื™ื˜ ืขื“ ืื™ืฉ ืขื“ืœืžื™ ื•ืฉืžื• ื—ื™ืจื”ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื—:ื

His family also joins him there, since, as ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, says, ืคื—ื“ื• ืœื ืคืฉื ืคืŸ ื™ืชื ืงื ื‘ื”ื ืฉืื•ืœ. Jonathan had sworn to protect Davidโ€™s family (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›:ื˜ื–)โ€Ž ื•ื™ื›ืจืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“, but David canโ€™t rely on that, since Jonathan couldnโ€™t even keep himself safe; Saul had already threatened him with his spear.


ื•ื™ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืืœื™ื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืง ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืจ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื• ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื‘

As we have mentioned, this is the beginning of ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš. Heโ€™s only the leader of a band of dispossessed, discontented men, but he is still a ืฉืจ. And there is a hint to an imminent turnaround: ืžืฆื•ืง is an unusual word. It generally means โ€œtroubledโ€, usually paired with ืžืฆื•ืจ. But it appears by itself in ืฉื™ืจืช ื—ื ื”, which is a ื ื‘ื•ืื” that is all about turnarounds:

ื— ืžืงื™ื ืžืขืคืจ ื“ืœ ืžืืฉืคืช ื™ืจื™ื ืื‘ื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ื‘ ืขื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ื›ืกื ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ื ื—ืœื; ื›ื™ ืœื”ืณ ืžืฆืงื™ ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ืฉืช ืขืœื™ื”ื ืชื‘ืœืƒ ื˜ ืจื’ืœื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื• ื™ืฉืžืจ ื•ืจืฉืขื™ื ื‘ื—ืฉืš ื™ื“ืžื•; ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ื›ื— ื™ื’ื‘ืจ ืื™ืฉืƒ ื™ ื”ืณ ื™ื—ืชื• ืžืจื™ื‘ื• ืขืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืจืขื ื”ืณ ื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืืคืกื™ ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืขื– ืœืžืœื›ื• ื•ื™ืจื ืงืจืŸ ืžืฉื™ื—ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื‘

The 400 men is also significant. It calls to mind another band of 400 men:

ื– ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืืžืจ: ื‘ืื ื• ืืœ ืื—ื™ืš ืืœ ืขืฉื• ื•ื’ื ื”ืœืš ืœืงืจืืชืš ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ื™ืจื ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืฆืจ ืœื•; ื•ื™ื—ืฅ ืืช ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื• ื•ืืช ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื”ื’ืžืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื—ื ื•ืชืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ืœื‘

And another โ€œleaderโ€ of ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ who gathered a band of malcontents:

ื ื•ื™ืœืš ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ืขืœ ืฉื›ืžื” ืืœ ืื—ื™ ืืžื•; ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ืืœ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ ืืžื• ืœืืžืจืƒ ื‘ ื“ื‘ืจื• ื ื ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ื”ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื‘ืขืœ ืื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ื ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“; ื•ื–ื›ืจืชื ื›ื™ ืขืฆืžื›ื ื•ื‘ืฉืจื›ื ืื ื™ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืื—ื™ ืืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”; ื•ื™ื˜ ืœื‘ื ืื—ืจื™ ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ื›ื™ ืืžืจื• ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื•ืืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืœื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช; ื•ื™ืฉื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืคื—ื–ื™ื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืื—ืจื™ื•ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืขืคืจืชื” ื•ื™ื”ืจื’ ืืช ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื‘ืขืœ ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืื‘ืŸ ืื—ืช; ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืŸ ื™ืจื‘ืขืœ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ื—ื‘ืืƒ

ื• ื•ื™ืืกืคื• ื›ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืฉื›ื ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืžืœื•ื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ืžืœื™ื›ื• ืืช ืื‘ื™ืžืœืš ืœืžืœืš ืขื ืืœื•ืŸ ืžืฆื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืฉื›ืืƒ

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคืจืง ื˜

Neither of these comparisons are positive. David may have turned back from the brink of becoming a Philistine mercenary but he certainly has the potential to be a force for evil in Israel. And his men are called (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืœ:ื›ื‘)โ€Ž ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืจืข ื•ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ืขื ื“ื•ื“. But David is different. The ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ says โ€œื”ื ื”ืžืจื™ ื ืคืฉ ืžืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื“ืโ€ and quotes the ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจโ€Ž โ€œืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜ื‘, ื–ื”ื• ืื•ืžืจื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืจ. ืฉืขืดื™ ื—ืกื™ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืฉืจ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจืŸ ืœืชืฉื•ื‘ื”โ€. We will see examples of this in later perakim.

ืืดืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืจ ื ื—ืžื ื™ ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื’:ื) ื ึฐืึปื ื“ึผึธื•ึดื“ ื‘ึผึถืŸ ื™ึดืฉืึทื™, ื•ึผื ึฐืึปื ื”ึทื’ึผึถื‘ึถืจ ื”ึปืงึทื ืขึธืœ ื ืื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื”ืงื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.

ืžื•ืขื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื˜ื–,ื‘

The ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื suggests that ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“โ€Ž, that in which David addresses the ืขื ื•ื™ื to ื’ื“ืœื• ืœื”ืณ ืืชื™ and reassures them that ืงืจื•ื‘ ื”ืณ ืœื ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืœื‘; ื•ืืช ื“ื›ืื™ ืจื•ื— ื™ื•ืฉื™ืข, actually refers to these ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืจ ื ืคืฉ. The timing is right; that perek is attributed to David immediately after he leaves ื’ืช. And we interpreted the theme of that perek as one of ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” and redemption.


ื’ ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื ืžืฆืคื” ืžื•ืื‘; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœ ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘ ื™ืฆื ื ื ืื‘ื™ ื•ืืžื™ ืืชื›ื ืขื“ ืืฉืจ ืื“ืข ืžื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ืืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ื ื—ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื‘

David moves from ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” into ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืื‘, which makes sense given the family relationship. David is widely known to be a descendant of ืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื”, and he figures his family will be safe there from the predations of Saul. But thatโ€™s the last we hear from Davidโ€™s parents. What happened after ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ื”? The next time we see Moab, itโ€™s not in such a positive light:

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ื™ืš ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื ื™ืขื; ื•ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžืชื’ ื”ืืžื” ืžื™ื“ ืคืœืฉืชื™ืืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืžื“ื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืืจืฆื” ื•ื™ืžื“ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช; ื•ืชื”ื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืื™ ืžื ื—ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื—

What happened to make David slaughter the Moabites? The midrash fills in the gaps:

(ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž ืก:ื™) ืžื•ืื‘ ืกื™ืจ ืจื—ืฆื™. ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื‘ืจื— ื“ื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื”ื•ืœื™ืš ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• ืืœ ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘ ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื™ืจื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื— ื‘ื”ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื”, ื•ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘: ื“) ื•ื™ื ื—ื ืืช ืคื ื™ ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืžื• ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ื”ืƒ ื•ืœืš ืงืจืื• ืกื™ืจ; ืžื” ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืžืชืขื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืจ, ื›ืš ื ืชืขื›ืœื• ืฉื, ืฉื”ืจื’ื ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ืœื ื ืžืœื˜ ืžื”ื ืืœื ืื— ืื—ื“ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืจื— ืืฆืœ ื ื—ืฉ ืžืœืš ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, ื•ืฉืœื— ืžืœืš ืžื•ืื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœืชื ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ืกื“ ืฉืขืฉื” ื ื—ืฉ ืขื ื“ื•ื“ ([ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™:ื‘] ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืขืฉื” ื—ืกื“ ืขื ื—ื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื ื—ืฉ, ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืื‘ื™ื• ืขืžื“ื™ ื—ืกื“). ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื ืชื’ืจื” ืขื ื”ืžื•ืื‘ื™ื, ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื‘) ื•ื™ืš ืืช ืžื•ืื‘ ื•ื™ืžื“ื“ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ ืื•ืชื ืืจืฆื” ื•ื™ืžื“ื“ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžื™ืช ื•ืžืœื ื”ื—ื‘ืœ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืช; ื•ืชื”ื™ ืžื•ืื‘ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื ืฉืื™ ืžื ื—ื”ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื”, ื ืฉื, ื™ื“:ื

Moab was not nice people. The Torah commanded:

ื“ ืœื ื™ื‘ื ืขืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืณ; ื’ื ื“ื•ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ ืœื ื™ื‘ื ืœื”ื ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืณ ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ ื” ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื“ืžื• ืืชื›ื ื‘ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื‘ืฆืืชื›ื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœื™ืš ืืช ื‘ืœืขื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืžืคืชื•ืจ ืืจื ื ื”ืจื™ื ืœืงืœืœืšืƒ ื• ื•ืœื ืื‘ื” ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืฉืžืข ืืœ ื‘ืœืขื ื•ื™ื”ืคืš ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืš ืืช ื”ืงืœืœื” ืœื‘ืจื›ื”: ื›ื™ ืื”ื‘ืš ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืšืƒ ื– ืœื ืชื“ืจืฉ ืฉืœืžื ื•ื˜ื‘ืชื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ืš ืœืขื•ืœืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื’

ืžืฉืจืฉื™ ื”ืžืฆื•ื”. ืžื” ืฉืžืคืจืฉ ื‘ืคืจืฉื”, ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื“ืžื• ืืชื›ื ื‘ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ื•ืืฉืจ ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœื™ืš ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื• ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”, ื’ื“ืœ ืžืขืœืช ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื—ืงืช ืžื“ืช ื”ื ื‘ืœื” ื•ื”ื›ื™ืœื•ืช, ื•ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื ื• ืœืงื‘ืข ืฉื ืื” ืขืžื”ื ืฉื”ืฉื—ื™ืชื• ื•ื”ืชืขื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืชื›ืœื™ืช ืจืฉืขื ื•ื ื‘ืœื•ืชื, ืฉืœื ืœื”ืงื“ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืœื—ื ื•ื‘ืžื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ืงื”ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื™ืคื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื‘ื•ืœื

ืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš, ืชืงืกื: ืฉืœื ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื•ืื‘ื™ ื‘ืงื”ืœ ื”ืฉื.

Moab was descended from Lot, who had been adopted by Avraham, the paragon of ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“. He then moved to ืกื“ื•ื, the very antithesis of ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“. As it were, Moab had two spiritual fathers, and they had to decide which one they would follow. Their behavior after ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื demonstrated which path they had chosen, and ื—ื–ืดืœ saw this hatred of the stranger and the refugee throughout the history of Moab. Davidโ€™s faith in their family connection was unfounded and would lead to tragedy.


ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื’ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืชืฉื‘ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื“ื” ืœืš ื•ื‘ืืช ืœืš ืืจืฅ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืขืจ ื—ืจืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื”

Who is ื’ื“? Unfortunately, we donโ€™t have much information. He was one of the authors of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ:

ื•ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืจืืฉื ื™ื ื•ื”ืื—ืจื ื™ื ื”ื ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืื” ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื’ื“ ื”ื—ื–ื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื›ื˜:ื›ื˜

And he spoke to David on one other occasion, after the disastrous census at the end of the ืกืคืจ:

ื™ื ื•ื™ืงื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ;

ื•ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ื”ื™ื” ืืœ ื’ื“ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื—ื–ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืœืืžืจืƒ ื™ื‘ ื”ืœื•ืš ื•ื“ื‘ืจืช ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฉืœืฉ ืื ื›ื™ ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืขืœื™ืš: ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืš ืื—ืช ืžื”ื ื•ืืขืฉื” ืœืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื“

And thatโ€™s it. No midrashim, nothing else to say.

ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื”ื™ื” ื”ืณ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื“ื•ื“, ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉืจืง ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื–ื• ื ื›ืชื‘ื”

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื“ ื™ื, ื“ืดื” ื—ื•ื–ื” ื“ื•ื“