This week’s parsha starts with the laws of childbirth:
I have two questions. The first is, “What is מילה doing here? Why put a mitzvah about the baby in the section about the mother?” Unfortunately, I don’t have an answer. There is a suggestion (made by the בכור שור, בראשית יז:יא among others) that there is a parallel of דם מילה to דם נדה, but here the connection is more to דם לידה; נדה doesn’t come until the end of this double parsha. So is there a connection between childbirth and ברית? It feels like there ought to be something there but I don’t know what to do with it. So I leave the question out there.
The second question—which I will deal with—is, “Why mention ברית מילה at all in ספר ויקרא?” The mitzvah has already been given:
And repeated for בני ישראל coming out of Egypt:
You might argue that commandments given before מתן תורה don’t apply today unless they were explicitly renewed at מתן תורה, but that is clearly not the case. We see this by גיד הנשה:
The gemara says that the mitzvah of מילה is repeated in our parsha to teach a specific detail of the law:
The bottom line is מילה דוחה שבת.
The Ohr HaChaim is bothered by this. If this is part of the halacha, and learned from a דרש of “בַּיּוֹם”, then why does does the Torah not use the word בַּיּוֹם in the commandment to Avraham, and put all the details together?
The Ohr HaChaim goes on to give a more philosophical reason for giving the rule of מילה דוחה שבת after מתן תורה. He connects it to a reason why מילה is on day of life 8. He starts by quoting a statement that the baby only has the strength to handle מילה on the eighth day, then explains:
Only after the baby has experienced שבת, he can experience מילה. And then, it overrides שבת. The Ohr HaChaim connects it to a well-known story about Rabbi Akiva:
The Ohr HaChaim connects ערלה to Adam’s sin. I will give a different perspective. Rabbi Akiva specifically gives the examples of bread and fabric, which are the classic examples of “technology” in the ancient world, and specifically the things we “rest” from on שבת (31 of the 39 מלכות are related to these; see High Technology). In the world to come, we won’t have to create those things:
But now, we are supposed to be creating.
Our purpose in the world is to spend 6 days a week literally creating. That is true in a spiritual sense as well.
The world we live in was created incomplete; our task is תיקון עולם, completing it, making it more נָאִים than the way it was. שבת represents the end of ה׳'s creation (and our imitatio Dei), and מוצאי שבת is the beginning of ours. The eighth day represents something higher than Divine קדושה: it represents human קדושה:
So מילה represents our role in creation, in perfecting the imperfect world. But that is only possible after accepting שבת.
We keep shabbat as a sign that we acknowlege that ה׳ created the world. Having a moral role in that world requires that the world have a moral basis. The ideal of תיקון עולם only exists if we accept that we are commanded in שבת, that there is a benevolent Creator Who gives moral meaning to the universe. מילה דוחה שבת, but only after שמירת שבת.