This week is the longest parsha of the year, but most of it is just repetition, 12 copies of the inaugural gifts of each of the נשיאים. Each one was identical, but the Torah feels it necessary to repeat the same 6 psukim 12 times.
The usual explanation is that, while the items were identical, each נשיא had his own individual symbolic meaning for the items, and the Torah wanted to emphasize that each was legitimate.
במדבר רבה goes into excruciating detail about these offerings, giving midrashic explanations of every detail, as it applies to that particular tribe. It makes the volume for פרשת נשא alone as long as any other of the volumes for complete ספרים. Each one is based on the ברכה that Yaakov gave that son, which midrashically determined the literary character of that tribe’s destiny. I want to look at the offering from נשיא דן, since it connects to the rest of the parsha.
דן was one of the four leading tribes that formed the organization of the camp in the wilderness.
Yaakov’s ברכה to דן had two parts; the first calling him כאחד שבטי ישראל and the second comparing him to a snake (not the most flattering comparison):
With that introduction, the Midrash goes through the offering. The references are all to דן's most famous son, שמשון, and his נזירות (which is the connection to the earlier parts of the parsha. And it goes back and forth, between שמשון and the laws of נזיר in general:
Artscroll’s commentary on the Midrash adds:
And this theme of דן runs through תנ״ך. When Yaakov’s children go down to Egypt, דן is the only one who has only one child:
And when they enter ארץ ישראל 250 years, דן is the only tribe that hasn’t split into subtribes:
In these terms, דן is a tribe of individuals, not families.
This, being an individual, is the essence of נזירות. Their נדר allows them to in effect create their own Torah.
And many have noted the parallels between the נזיר and the כהן גדול. The נזיר is proof that anyone can reach the highest heights of קדושה.
But it isn’t all good.
Why does the נזיר have to bring a חטאת? We all know the gemara in תענית:
But I would suggest that the very nature of נזירות, of separation, is problematic, no matter how holy the person is:
And I think this is represented by the symbol of דן as a snake. I presented this idea in פרשת ויחי תשע״ח: the Midrash tells us the symbols of each of the tribes:
But the Ibn Ezra had a different version:
יחזקאל had a vision of ה׳‘s throne, the מרכבה, carried by כרובים, angels with wings and faces of humans, lions, oxen and eagles. I’ve said many times that this represented the camp of Israel, that the four parts of the camp carried ה׳’s presence in the world. And all of these were needed to bring the שכינה in the משכן:
So we have two different versions of what the symbol of דן looked like. But the truth is, a נשר isn’t really an eagle but a vulture:
And a stylized vulture certainly could look like a winged snake (as in יחזקאל's vision of the כרובים).
[After I gave this shiur, I found the following Abarbanel:]
[Similarly שני לוחות הברית, תורה שבכתב, במדבר, נשא, בהעלותך, תורה אור, במדבר יח]
דן was the tribe for those who didn’t fit in with any tribe:
But individualism can be dangerous; the story of שמשון and his downfall is an object lesson in the importance of community.
דן symbolized the power of the one, the outsider, and that sentiment had to be part of כנסת ישראל. But it is dangerous; דן can be either eagle or snake, the highest of the high or the lowest of the low.