This week I want to talk about handwashing. It’s a good idea! But doctors aren’t very good about it.
The problem with having to wash your hands when they aren’t obviously dirty is that it implies you got your hands contaminated without knowing about it. Being told to wash your hands is felt to be a moral judgment. Handwashing is a kind of musar: realize that you are not perfect, you don’t do everything absolutely right.
How is that relevant to this week’s parsha?
While the פשט of the pasuk is that the זב just needs to wash his hands, the תורה שבעל פה tells us that the זב really needs a full טבילה:
And one could argue that the פשט comes to tell us the טעמי המצווה, that the state of a זב comes from the fact that however focused we think we are, we aren’t aware of everything our hands touch.
But I don’t want to focus on that today. I want to look at what חז״ל did with this pasuk.
The גזרה was that hands are always considered טמא until they are washed. It’s important to realize that handwashing doesn’t help if you are actually טמא. It is a גזרה that reminds you to stop and think, maybe I am טמא. At a deeper level, it is again a mussar lesson that you shouldn’t be so sure of yourself. It’s a time-out before handing קדשים.
I actually had a conversation with a doctor who didn’t understand why they needed time-outs. “I was trained to not make mistakes in the first place!”
Only later, in the time of הלל and שמאי, was the גזרה extended to require handwashing before any bread, not just תרומה and קדשים.
Why should there be a special mitzvah to listen to רבי אלעזר בן ערך? Who was he? We will have to see.
אלעזר בן ערך is not proposing that נטילת ידים is דאורייתא; he is proposing that the text of the Torah, the פשט, tells us that the important part of טבילה is the hands and so when חז״ל created this גזרה they only required washing the hands.
An interesting aspect of the גזרה for חולין is that it explicitly only applies to bread, not other produce (even though other produce could be תרומה or קדשים).
If you are using handwashing to show how frum you are, you are missing the point of the גזרה. The purpose of נטילת ידים is to remind us that we cannot be sure of our own purity.
Which brings us to the מצוה לשמוע דברי רבי אלעזר בן ערך. I am going to use the approach from Rabbi Asher Yuval’s מחלקי המים, הֲחֵרֵש היה לִבָּם. I have to point out that Rabbi Ari Kahn has a completely different approach to אלעזר בן ערך in his [highly recommended] book, The Crowns on the Letters.
This is the story of רבי אלעזר בן ערך. He was one of the students of רבן יוחנן בן זכאי, who fled the destruction of Jerusalem to re-establish the Sanhedrin in Yavne and ensure the continuity of Jewish learning.
But רבי אלעזר בן ערך came to a tragic end:
Now, our text of אבות has a different author of that last comment:
But the gemara says it actually was רבי אלעזר בן ערך:
I would say that מצוה לשמוע דברי רבי אלעזר בן ערך doesn’t mean that there is a special mitzvah to obey the גזרות of דברי רבי אלעזר בן ערך, but that the מצוה of נטילת ידים משום מצוה is the mitzvah of remembering the story of רבי אלעזר בן ערך. Don’t be so sure of yourself; don’t be a physician: arrogant, sloppy, recalcitrant, incorrigible, inept and oblivious.