This week’s parasha has 74 of the 613 mitzvot. One of them is השבת אבידה:
There are a lot of extra things here: כל אבדת אחיך should include their שור, שה, חמר and שמלה. So חז״ל learn details of the halacha from each of these. But there is one problem.
The gemara ends with this קשיא. No one knows what we are supposed to learn from שיו, ”his sheep“. That’s a theological problem; there are supposed to be no superfluous words in the Torah.
So the commentators try to figure out what to do with this little lost sheep. There’s a principle in halachic exegesis, that we broaden the scope of a phrase if it can’t be applied locally:
Similarly here, if we can’t apply it to the mitzvah of השבת אבידה, apply it to a more broad definition of אבידה:
This is unusual for the Maharsha in חידושי אגדות. He usually presents more rationalist understandings of midrashim; here he is giving an almost chassidic reading of an apparently straightforward pasuk. But what is the metaphor here? The lost sheep is us; the original owner who is looking for the sheep is הקב״ה. Who is the finder who has the responsibility for returning the lost item to the owner? The Maharsha says that ה׳ seeks להוציא מאבדתו מן הגלות, to rescue us from being lost in exile, but he can’t mean that ה׳ wants the אומות העולם to “return” us. I think that the “finder” here is also us. Our responsibility is עבודת ה׳; when we get caught up in our own desires we are “lost” and have to return ourselves back to ה׳, Who always seeks our return and stands ready to accept us. It’s a perfect metaphor for חודש אלול and the season of תשובה. Doing תשובה is a form of השבת אבידה.
The Sfas Emes uses a different metaphor:
Here, the lost sheep is our mitzvot, which are our mission in life. But we give up the opportunity and allow others to do those mitzvot. There is a concept from this week’s parsha, מגלגלין זכות על ידי זכאי:
The finder here is the זכאי, and the השבת אבידה means inspiring others to do תשובה and making them זכאים as well.
Either metaphor makes השבת אבידה a metaphor for תשובה, which is a lovely thought, and we could end right here. But I think this goes deeper than that.
This section of ספר דברים is a long list of one mitzvah after another, seemingly randomly selected. But the order is important:
One classic example is in this week’s parsha:
And we all know the סמוכים that start this week’s parsha:
And the next paragraph continues the theme:
The סמיכות is an example of עבירה גוררת עבירה; we dealt with this in the Tanach shiur in the case of Avshalom and his rebellion against his father. Once we start down the pathway of חטא, the consequences inevitably snowball and get worse and worse.
But it’s not inevitable. The next paragraph is the one we started with:
This metaphorically tells us of the power of תשובה, that ה׳ is always looking for us, his “lost sheep”, and תשובה is always possible. Life is not a Greek tragedy, with an implacable fate bearing down on us. No matter how far down the path we have fallen, redemption is possible.
And then (probably pushing the metaphor too hard) the סמיכות continues:
Metaphorically, ה׳ will help us get back up. But only if we do our part to get things started.