When Chana came back from seminary this summer, she gave me a ספר they had been learning, Rav Chaim Friedlander’s שפתי חיים on דברים. Rav Friedlander was a talmid of Rav Dessler, one of the editors of מכתב מאליהו, and his commentary is very mussar-oriented.
For פרשת כי תבא, he starts with the Tanchuma that Rashi cites:
Rashi is only citing a piece of a much longer midrash:
But this is only the second part of that midrash. It starts with a different reading of היום:
The previous two paragraphs were about ביכורים and וידוי מעשר, so the midrash says that היום, ”today“, after learning the laws of ביכורים, you need to be reminded of another law, the law of תפילה. The concept of davening three times a day is not in the Torah, but it is mentioned in תנ״ך:
But still, what’s the connection between the first fruits and prayer? We usually think of prayer as corresponding to the קרבנות, not ביכורים. And why does the midrash bring up a pasuk from תהילים as a prooftext?
To answer the latter question, we need to realize that תהלים צה was written by Moshe:
Rashi gets this from the midrash:
(I think that דברי נבואה shouldn’t be taken literally; ספר תהילים is in כתובים. Moshe sometimes writes ברוח הקרש, not at the level באספקלריא המאירה.)
These are the eleven:
תפלה למשה איש האלקים
ישב בסתר עליון
מזמור שיר ליום השבת
ה׳ מלך גאות לבש
א־ל נקמות ה׳
לכו נרננה לה׳
שירו לה׳ שיר חדש
ה׳ מלך תגל הארץ
מזמור שירו לה׳ שיר חדש
ה׳ מלך ירגזו עמים
מזמור לתודה
What is תהלים צה? We say it every week at the start of קבלת שבת:
The psamlist exhorts us to bring a thanksgiving offering, and to נשתחוה ונכרעה נברכה (which the midrash interprets as תפילה three times a day), with the historical lesson not to be like בני ישראל at מסה ומריבה:
This perek was clearly written at the end of the 40 years in the wilderness (ארבעים שנה אקוט בדור), and is all about תודה, gratitude. This perek is the message that we need to express our gratitude to ה׳, and that is the message of בכורים. Don’t be like בני ישראל who didn’t acknowledge ה׳'s gifts; every year you need to come to the בית המקדש and say “Thank you”. Rav Friedlander says this is the connection to Rashi’s comment on היום:
That is the great danger in settling the land, getting comfortable and financially successful.
The problem is that we forget ה׳. The problem is that in good times, we forget to think. ביכורים addresses that.
ביכורים aren’t obligatory until כי תבוא אל הארץ (and there are times and situations when מצות ביכורים doesn’t apply), but the concept of תודה still applies. חז״ל are saying that משה established the תקנה of תפילה to remind us that we are dependent on ה׳ always, especially when things are so good that we have nothing to pray about.
This goes back to the well-known מחלוקת between Rambam and Ramban:
So, for the Rambam there is a מצוה to pray every day. For the Ramban, the מצוה only applies in times of צרה, when we feel the need to ask. Otherwise, there is no reason to pray.
One of my father’s jokes (this is a version I found online):
Rav Soloveitchik’s philosophy of תפלה is described in the book Worship of the Heart, published after his death, and he claims that the Ramban and Rambam do not fundamentally disagree:
As Rav Soloveitchik says, even when we are living lives of comfort, with nothing to complain about, we are still faced with an existential crisis. Either we cannot feel the presence of G-d in our world, and we are utterly alone, or we do feel G-d’s presence, and we are overwhelmed by the experience of the infinite. In Rav Soloveitchik’s reading of Rambam, we are in tzarah every day, and therefore are obligated to pray.
So our תפילות, just like the declaration of ביכורים, serves to remind us to think about the truth that we already know: our existence depends completely on הקב״ה:
May we have a year where the צרה that inspires us is that of comfort, financial stability and health. And may we recognize that as an opportunity to say ועתה הנה הבאתי את…אשר נתתה לי ה׳.