This week’s parsha ends with the war with Amalek. We don’t get a lot of detail; just 6 words:
The story is filled out a little when the מצווה of זכר עמלק is mentioned in ספר דברים:
“He tailed after the נחשלים”: what are נחשלים? The root חשל is a hapax legomenon. Onkelos, and many English translations, translates it as “stragglers”.
In Aramaic, חשל means “crush”:
Most מפרשים take it as a variant of חלש, ”weak“:
And the Even Shoshan concordance defines it as a portmanteau of “weak” and “stumbling” (חשל → כשל):
Stragglers, weak, beaten and stumbling. All of those fit the context of “tailing the עיף ויגע”. But where do we see that in our parsha? It’s actually implied by the location of the battle: וילחם עם ישראל ברפידם. We have to look at the previous paragraph:
And the next narrative:
The people are in Refidim and complain about thirst. Moshe and the leaders go to חרב (Mount Sinai) to strike the rock, and so the people are traveling from Refidim where there is no water to Sinai where there is, and Amalek then attacks the people who are still in Refidim. That’s the stragglers, the ones who can’t move as fast as the bulk of the people.
But it seems like a terrible thing, to leave people behind just because they are exhausted. So Rashi brings another interpretation:
It was a spiritual weakness that led them to fall behind. If we connect נחשלים to כשל, stumbling, then we realize that in תנ״ך it is almost always used metaphorically:
And the Targum Pseudo-Jonathan (I’m just showing off there) makes it more explicit:
What is the story of the tribe of Dan and their עבודה זרה?
It’s important to note that פסל מיכה is a פסל of ה׳, not of some foreign god. These are “religious” Jews who say ברוך ה׳, and they’re doing the best they can to fulfill the will of הקב״ה. This is not the same as the עבודה זרה of נדב ואביהו who were גדולים who tried to create their own form of עבודת ה׳; these are simple people who don’t know any better. And שבט דן takes this פסל and establishes their own בית אלהים n the north:
So דן is the symbol of the folk religion of the Jewish people, those who מְהַרְהֵר לְמִסְטֵי בָּתַר מֵימְרִי הִינוּן גּוּבְרַיָא מִשִּׁבְטָא דְבֵית דָּן דַּהֲוָה בִידֵיהוֹן פּוּלְחָנָא נוּכְרָאָה.
נחשלים is passive, those who are weakened and made to stumble, the חלש וכוֹשל spiritually. And there are other textual hints that those were the ones victimized by Amalek.
Zohar Atkins looks at this and says that the attack of Amalek was a test: would משה וזקני ישראל go back for those נחשלים?
And he connects this to what Rabbi Shulman said in his drasha last week, about Moshe’s demand to Pharaoh:
Note the ה׳ doesn’t decide to fight Amalek. The decision of what to do about Amalek is a test for Moshe. ה׳ doesn’t say anything until after the battle is over.
Moshe sends Yehoshua to go back and rescue the נחשלים, those whom הענן פולטן. That turns out to be the only way they could get to הר סיני to receive the Torah.