ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: The Mystery of Absalom's Mother

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

The text interrupts the dramatic tale of the dysfunctional relationship between the halves of the split kingdom to update us on Davidโ€™s home life:

ื‘ ื•ื™ืœื“ื• (ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื•) ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื• ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืืœืชืƒ ื’ ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื• ื›ืœืื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ืœ (ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ) ืืฉืช ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™; ื•ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื›ื” ื‘ืช ืชืœืžื™ ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจืƒ ื“ ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื“ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ืช; ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœืƒ ื” ื•ื”ืฉืฉื™ ื™ืชืจืขื ืœืขื’ืœื” ืืฉืช ื“ื•ื“; ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื’

ืžื” ืขื ื™ื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืœื›ืืŸ? ื“ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืคืจืฉื™ื™ื” ืชื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืžืœื›ืช ื“ื•ื“. ืฉื™ืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื”ื โ€ื‘ึฐื›ื•ึนืจื•ึน ืึทืžึฐื ื•ึนืŸโ€œโ€”ื™ื•ืจืฉ ื”ืขืฆืจโ€”ื•ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืชื‘ืกืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ื•ืช.

ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื–ืง, ืคืจืงื™ื ื‘-ื’ - ื”ืงืจื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ (ื‘); ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ

And it certainly provides a contrast with the upcoming story of how Ish Boshetโ€™s kingdom falls apart. But it foreshadows a far darker future for Davidโ€™s kingdom. Each of these sons has a story:

ืืžื ื•ืŸ

We know the story of Amnon and his rape of his half-sister Tamar:

ืื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื—ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืชืžืจ; ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ื” ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ โ€ฆ ื›ื— ื•ื™ืฆื• ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืืช ื ืขืจื™ื• ืœืืžืจ ืจืื• ื ื ื›ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืืœื™ื›ื ื”ื›ื• ืืช ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืžืชื ืืชื• ืืœ ืชื™ืจืื•; ื”ืœื•ื ื›ื™ ืื ื›ื™ ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ื—ื–ืงื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ืœืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ืขืฉื• ื ืขืจื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืœืืžื ื•ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื; ื•ื™ืงืžื• ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืจื›ื‘ื• ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืคืจื“ื• ื•ื™ื ืกื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื’

He was the crown prince in Hebron and ends up murdered by anonymous assassins.

ื›ืœืื‘

Weโ€™ve briefly looked at Kilav in the story of Avigail. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื has a slightly different version of Davidโ€™s sons:

ื ื•ืืœื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ; ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืืžื ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™ืช ืฉื ื™ ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ืชืƒ ื‘ ื”ืฉืœืฉื™ ืœืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื›ื” ื‘ืช ืชืœืžื™ ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ; ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื“ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ืชืƒ ื’ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ืœืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ; ื”ืฉืฉื™ ื™ืชืจืขื ืœืขื’ืœื” ืืฉืชื•ืƒ ื“ ืฉืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืžืœืš ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื; ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื” ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื’

Why the name change?

ืžื™ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœืงื—ืชื” ืœื• ืœืืฉื”, ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืคื™ืจืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืžื ื” ืฉืœืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ื“ืข ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช ืžืŸ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืื ืœืื•, ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืณ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืžื ื•, ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ืฆื ื™ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืžืœื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืžืŸ ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ื‘ืจืช, ืžื” ืขืฉื” ื”ืงื‘ืดื”, ืฆื•ื” ื”ืžืœืืš ื”ืžืžื•ื ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ื”ื•ืœื“ ื•ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจืชื•, ื•ืืžืจ ืœื• ืœืš ื•ืฆืจ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื“ืžื•ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืขื™ื“ื• ื”ื›ืœ ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืื‘ื™ื•, ืžื ื™ืŸ ืฉื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืดื‘ ื’) ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื• ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื ื•ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™ืช, ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื• ื›ืœืื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืฉืช ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™, ืžื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ืœืื‘, ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื• ืื‘ ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืจื•ืื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื, ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื•

And he was a good boy:

ื–ื›ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ื›ืœืื‘ ื•ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืœื ื›ืœืื‘ ืฉืžื• ืืœื ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื›ืœืื‘ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื›ืœื™ื ืคื ื™ ืžืคื™ื‘ืฉืช ื‘ื”ืœื›ื” ื•ืขืœื™ื• ืืžืจ ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื—ื›ืžืชื• (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื’:ื˜ื•) ื‘ื ื™ ืื ื—ื›ื ืœื‘ืš ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ื™ ื’ื ืื ื™.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“,ื

ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžืชื• ื‘ืขื˜ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉ [meaning with no other reason for deserving death] ื•ืืœื• ื”ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืขืžืจื ืื‘ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœืื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“.

ืฉื‘ืช ื ื”,ื‘

And whatโ€™s more striking is that he is never involved in the battle for succession. Rav Medan hypothesizes that this very perfection disqualified him from being king:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ืฆื“ืง ืื™ืŸ ืžืขืžื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืคืจื ืก ืขืœ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืืœื ืื ื›ืŸ ืงื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืฆื™ื ืชืœื•ื™ื” ืœื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื• ืฉืื ืชื–ื•ื— ื“ืขืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืœื• ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืื—ื•ืจื™ืš.

ื™ื•ืžื ื›ื‘,ื‘

So the line of Avigail fades from history. Davidโ€™s marriage to Avigail was, as we discussed, different; it was a manifestation of her ื ื‘ื•ืื” about the future Bat Sheva and the danger and opportunity for David, Avigail was never going to be Queen Mother herself.

ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื

Avshalom was of course the son that David thought was perfect. That didnโ€™t work out so well:

ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืืžืจ; ื›ืฉืžืขื›ื ืืช ืงื•ืœ ื”ืฉืคืจ ื•ืืžืจืชื ืžืœืš ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื˜ื•:ื™

ื•ื™ืกื‘ื• ืขืฉืจื” ื ืขืจื™ื ื ืฉืื™ ื›ืœื™ ื™ื•ืื‘; ื•ื™ื›ื• ืืช ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื™ืžืชื”ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื—:ื˜ื•

ืื“ื ื™ื”

Adoniah wasnโ€™t quite as bad as Avshalom. He never rebelled against his father, but assumed that he was the heir apparent:

ื•ืื“ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ืช ืžืชื ืฉื ืœืืžืจ ืื ื™ ืืžืœืš; ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืœื• ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืคืจืฉื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืจืฆื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื•ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื:ื”

And rebelled against Solomon when that didnโ€™t work out:

ื›ื“ ื•ืขืชื” ื—ื™ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ื ื ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ (ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ื‘ื ื™) ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื•ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ; ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ืžืช ืื“ื ื™ื”ื•ืƒ ื›ื” ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื”ืžืœืš ืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื™ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื™ื“ืข; ื•ื™ืคื’ืข ื‘ื• ื•ื™ืžืชืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

ืฉืคื˜ื™ื”

Shefatiah never appears in ืชื ืดืš, but is mentioned in the gemara:

ื™ืชื™ื‘ื• ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ ืืชื™ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื•ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืืชื™ ืžืฉืžืขื™ ืื—ื™ ื“ื•ื“

ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘,ื‘

This is important because it establishes the legitimacy of ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื:

ืœื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืžื—ืงืง ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืขื“ ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื ืฉื™ืœื” ื•ืœื• ื™ืงื”ืช ืขืžื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜:ื™

ื•ืžื—ื•ืงืง ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ืืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ืฉืžืœืžื“ื™ืŸ ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื”,ื

The line of actually begins with ื”ืœืœ and continues until the close of the ืชืœืžื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™:

ืฆืืฆืื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืœืœ ืฉื™ืžืฉื• ืืฃ ื”ื ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื”ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ, ื‘ืžืฉืš 15 ื“ื•ืจื•ืช:

  • ื”ืœืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ
  • ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื”ืœืœ
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื“ื™ื‘ื ื”
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ (ื”ืฉื ื™) (130-160)
  • ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืฉื™ื (ืจื‘ื™) (160-200)
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื‘ืจื‘ื™ (200-220)
  • ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื” (ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ) (220-250)
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ (250-280)
  • ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืฉื ื™ (280-320)
  • ื”ืœืœ ื ืฉื™ืื” (ื”ืœืœ ื”ืฉื ื™), ืžืชืงื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื— ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ (320-360)
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ (360-400)
  • ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ (385-400)
  • ืจื‘ืŸ ื’ืžืœื™ืืœ ื”ืฉื™ืฉื™ (400-425)
ื•ื™ืงื™ืคื“ื™ื”, ื”ืœืœ ื”ื–ืงืŸ

ื—ื–ืดืœ wanted to make the point that the leaders of the Jewish community, even with the loss of autonomy to the Romans, was in the hands of the descendents of David. The Hasmonean kings were kohanim, and should never have taken the kingship after the revolt of ื—ื ื•ื›ื”. That dynasty started out well but soon fell victim to Hellenization and eventually invited the Romans to take over.

ื™ืชืจืขื

Who is ืขื’ืœื” ืืฉืช ื“ื•ื“, and why is the only one called that? We have to back to the mishna:

โ€ืœื ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื• ื ืฉื™ืโ€œ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–:ื™ื–), ืืœื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”

ืžืฉื ื” ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื‘,ื”

Where does 18 come from? Thereโ€™s only one mention of 18 wives in ืชื ืดืš, and ืจื—ื‘ืขื isnโ€™t exactly a positive role model:

ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ ืจื—ื‘ืขื ืืช ืžืขื›ื” ื‘ืช ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžื›ืœ ื ืฉื™ื• ื•ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ื• ื›ื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ื ืฉื ื•ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืฉื™ื; ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืชืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ ื™ื:ื›ื

ื—ื–ืดืœ connect the number to David himself and ื ืชืŸ's rebuke:

ื”ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžื ืœืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื’) ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื• ืืžื ื•ืŸโ€ฆ ื•ืงืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘) โ€ืื ืžืขื˜ ื•ืื•ืกื™ืคื” ืœืš ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื”โ€œ. ื›ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ืช ื•ื›ื”ื ื” ืฉื™ืช ื“ื”ื•ื• ืœื”ื• ืชืžื ื™ ืกืจื™โ€ฆื•ื”ื ื”ื•ืื™ ืžื™ื›ืœ? ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืขื’ืœื” ื–ื• ืžื™ื›ืœ. ื•ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื” ืขื’ืœื”? ืฉื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื›ืขื’ืœื”. ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ (ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื™ื“) ืœื•ืœื™ ื—ืจืฉืชื ื‘ืขื’ืœืชื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื,ื

But ื™ืชืจืขื canโ€™t be ืžื™ื›ืœ's son:

ื•ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื™ืœื“ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื›ื’

ื•ืžื™ ื”ื•ื• ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™? ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•) ื•ืœืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื•ืœื“ ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื”! ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ื ืขื“ ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื” ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืžื•ืชื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื”. ืžื›ื“ื™, ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื›ื ืงื ื—ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื”ื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ืื™ืœื• ืžืขืฉื” ื“ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื•ื”!โ€ฆืืœื ืื™ืžื ืขื“ ืื•ืชื• ืžืขืฉื” ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ืžื›ืืŸ ื•ืื™ืœืš ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื,ื

The Rashash puts this interpretation back in to the ืคืฉื˜ of the text:

ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื“ืจืฆื•ื ื• ืœืืžืจ ื“ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื” ืงื•ื“ื ืžืชื•.

ืจืฉืดืฉ, ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื,ื

ืžืขื›ื” ื‘ืช ืชืœืžื™ ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ

Back to Avshalom and his mother, ืžืขื›ื” ื‘ืช ืชืœืžื™ ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ. Why would David marry the daughter of the king of Geshur? We might assume that it was for diplomatic purposes: a way to ally himself to a neighboring country (Geshur is in the modern Golan). But that does not fit the rest of the story, which takes us back to Amnon and Tamar:

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื•ืœืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืื—ื•ืช ื™ืคื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืชืžืจ; ื•ื™ืื”ื‘ื” ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ืƒ โ€ฆ ื™ื ื•ืชื’ืฉ ืืœื™ื• ืœืื›ืœ; ื•ื™ื—ื–ืง ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื” ื‘ื•ืื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื™ ืขืžื™ ืื—ื•ืชื™ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื• ืืœ ืื—ื™ ืืœ ืชืขื ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืฉื” ื›ืŸ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืืœ ืชืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื ื‘ืœื” ื”ื–ืืชืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ืื ื™ ืื ื” ืื•ืœื™ืš ืืช ื—ืจืคืชื™ ื•ืืชื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื›ืื—ื“ ื”ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ืขืชื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืžื ืขื ื™ ืžืžืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื’

Leaving aside the important details of this story (which we will have to return to), how can Tamar say ืœื ื™ืžื ืขื ื™ ืžืžืš?

ื•ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ืงื— ืืช ืื—ืชื• ื‘ืช ืื‘ื™ื• ืื• ื‘ืช ืืžื• ื•ืจืื” ืืช ืขืจื•ืชื” ื•ื”ื™ื ืชืจืื” ืืช ืขืจื•ืชื• ื—ืกื“ ื”ื•ื ื•ื ื›ืจืชื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื; ืขืจื•ืช ืื—ืชื• ื’ืœื” ืขื•ื ื• ื™ืฉืืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ื›:ื™ื–

ื—ื–ืดืœ answer that halachically, Tamar was not Davidโ€™s daughter and so was not forbidden to Amnon:

ื•ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืชืžืจ ื‘ืช ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื™ืชื”

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื,ื

ื™ ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš; ื•ื ืชื ื• ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืช ืฉื‘ื™ื•ืƒ ื™ื ื•ืจืื™ืช ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืืฉืช ื™ืคืช ืชืืจ; ื•ื—ืฉืงืช ื‘ื” ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืœืš ืœืืฉื”ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื” ืืœ ืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชืš; ื•ื’ืœื—ื” ืืช ืจืืฉื” ื•ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ืฆืคืจื ื™ื”ืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื”ืกื™ืจื” ืืช ืฉืžืœืช ืฉื‘ื™ื” ืžืขืœื™ื” ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืš ื•ื‘ื›ืชื” ืืช ืื‘ื™ื” ื•ืืช ืืžื” ื™ืจื— ื™ืžื™ื; ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืŸ ืชื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ื” ื•ื‘ืขืœืชื” ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืœืš ืœืืฉื”ืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื” ืื ืœื ื—ืคืฆืช ื‘ื” ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื” ืœื ืคืฉื” ื•ืžื›ืจ ืœื ืชืžื›ืจื ื” ื‘ื›ืกืฃ; ืœื ืชืชืขืžืจ ื‘ื” ืชื—ืช ืืฉืจ ืขื ื™ืชื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื

ื‘ ื•ื›ืŸ ื‘ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื’ื™ื•ืชื”, ืื ืชืงืคื• ื™ืฆืจื•. ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื™ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื™ืœืš ืœื•โ€”ืืœื ืžื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•, ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ืจืื™ืช, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื”, ืืฉืช, ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ . . .โ€œ(ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื:ื™ื). ื•ืืกื•ืจ ืœื‘ืขื•ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื™ืื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื”, ืขื“ ืฉื™ื™ืฉืื ื”.

โ€ฆ

ื˜ ืœื ืจืฆืช ืœื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจ ืžื’ืœื’ืœื™ืŸ ืขื™ืžื” ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื ืขืฉืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉืƒ ืœื ืจืฆืช ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืฉื‘ืข ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆื˜ื•ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ื— ื•ืžืฉืœื—ื” ืœื ืคืฉื”; ื•ื”ืจื™ ื”ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื’ืจื™ื ื”ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ืืƒ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืกื•ืจ ืœื• ืœื™ืฉื ืื™ืฉื” ืฉืœื ื ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื”.

ื™ ื ืชืขื‘ืจื” ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ืจื™ ื”ื•ื•ืœื“ ื’ืจ ื•ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืžืŸ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื”; ืืœื ืฉื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžื˜ื‘ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื“ืขืชื. ื•ืชืžืจ ืžื‘ื™ืื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืื‘ืœ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื ื•ืœื“ ืžืื—ืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ. ื ืžืฆืืช ืชืžืจ ืื—ื•ืช ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืžืื™ืžื• ื•ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœื”ื™ื ืฉื ืœืืžื ื•ืŸ; ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืื•ืžืจืช โ€ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืžื ืขื ื™ ืžืžืšโ€œ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื’:ื™ื’).

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื” ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื—

I had thought that this aggadic explanation (that Tamar was ื‘ืช ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ) was rather far-fetched, but if we look closer we realize that David was not, in fact, at peace with Geshur:

ื•ื™ืขืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื• ืืœ ื”ื’ืฉื•ืจื™ ื•ื”ื’ืจื–ื™ (ื•ื”ื’ื–ืจื™) ื•ื”ืขืžืœืงื™; ื›ื™ ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืžืขื•ืœื ื‘ื•ืืš ืฉื•ืจื” ื•ืขื“ ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื–:ื—

And later when Avshalom runs away after the murder of Amnon, it is clear that Geshur does not have an extradition treaty with Israel:

ืœื– ื•ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจื— ื•ื™ืœืš ืืœ ืชืœืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ื—ื•ืจ (ืขืžื™ื”ื•ื“) ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ; ื•ื™ืชืื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืžื™ืืƒ ืœื— ื•ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืจื— ื•ื™ืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืฉื ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื™ืืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ืชื›ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืžืœืš ืœืฆืืช ืืœ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื; ื›ื™ ื ื—ื ืขืœ ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืชืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื’

So now the idea that David married ื‘ืช ืชืœืžื™ ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ to cement a political alliance is much less likely. That she was a prisoner of war seems more probable, and so she may well have been an ืืฉืช ื™ืคืช ืชืืจ.

This was not an uncommon thing in Davidโ€™s time:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื”ื™ื• ื•ืžื’ื“ืœื™ ื‘ืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืงืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืžื”ืœื›ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื’ื™ื™ืกื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื’ืจื•ืคื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“.

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืขื•,ื‘

ื™ืœื“ื™ื: ื‘ื—ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ื•. ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ: ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœืงื—ื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื”

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

Itโ€™s important to note that this is a fundamentally immoral law. Itโ€™s not allowing the war-time rape; it is saying that when that happens, the rapist cannot abandon the woman. As the Rambam says, โ€œืœื ื™ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืื•ืชื”, ื•ื™ืœืš ืœื•โ€:

ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจโ€”ืœื ื“ื‘ืจื” ืชื•ืจื” ืืœื ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข, ืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืฉื™ืื›ืœื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืชืžื•ืชื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื•ืืœ ื™ืื›ืœื• ื‘ืฉืจ ืชืžื•ืชื•ืช ื ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช.

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ื›ื,ื‘-ื›ื‘,ื

And ื—ื–ืดืœ connect this law with the ones following, especially the ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื”:

ื™ื— ื›ื™ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืืžื•; ื•ื™ืกืจื• ืืชื• ื•ืœื ื™ืฉืžืข ืืœื™ื”ืืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ืชืคืฉื• ื‘ื• ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื•; ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืชื• ืืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ืขื™ืจื• ื•ืืœ ืฉืขืจ ืžืงืžื•ืƒ ื› ื•ืืžืจื• ืืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ืขื™ืจื• ื‘ื ื ื• ื–ื” ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžืจื” ืื™ื ื ื• ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงืœื ื•; ื–ื•ืœืœ ื•ืกื‘ืืƒ ื›ื ื•ืจื’ืžื”ื• ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ ืขื™ืจื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื•ืžืช ื•ื‘ืขืจืช ื”ืจืข ืžืงืจื‘ืš; ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื•ื™ืจืื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื

And Avshalomโ€™s subsequent downfall is connected to Davidโ€™s mistake in taking a ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ in the first place:

ื“ืจืฉื• ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ืฉืœืงื—ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืœืคื™ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ื‘ืื‘ื™ื• ืœื›ืš ื ืกืžื›ื” ืคืจืฉืช ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื” ืœืคืจืฉืช ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ืฉื ืื•ืชื” ืื• ืืฉื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืžื ื” ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื”.

ืจื“ืดืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื’:ื’

ื›ืœ ืžืืŸ ื“ื ืกื™ื‘ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื ืคื™ืง ืžื™ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืกื•ืจืจ ื•ืžื•ืจื”, ืฉื›ืŸ ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื•ื“, ืขืœ ืฉื—ืžื“ ืžืขื›ื” ื‘ืช ืชืœืžื™ ืžืœืš ื’ืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืฆืืชื• ืœืžืœื—ืžื”, ื™ืฆื ืžืžื ื• ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื, ืฉื‘ื™ืงืฉ ืœื”ืจื•ื’ ืื•ืชื•, ื•ืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ื ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ, ื•ืขืœ ื™ื“ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื• ื›ืžื” ืจื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืขืฉื” ืžื—ืœื•ืงืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืคืจืฉืช ื›ื™ ืชืฆื ืกื™ืžืŸ ื

Rabbi Marc Shapiro has an interesting comment on the meaning of โ€œimmoral lawsโ€ like this, and how we are to look at the Torahโ€™s attitude:

Another interesting statement from R. Kook on developing morality is found in Pinkesei ha-Reiyah, also published in 2008โ€ฆIn discussing how terrible war is, and the concept of a โ€œpermissible war,โ€ which is recognized as a halakhic category, he notes that the latter is only suitable for a world which hasnโ€™t developed properly, one which still sees war as a means to achieve things, This proper development can only come when all peoples have reached an elevated stage, since, pace Gandhi, you canโ€™t have one nation practice the higher morality of no war while other nations are still using force. R. Kook describes โ€œpermissible warโ€ as follows (p. 29):

ื›ืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช ืœื ื ืืžืจื” ื›ืดื ืœืื ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ื’ืžืจื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.

The way the Torah shows this is by the law of yefat toar, concerning which R. Kook writes:

ื›ืœ ืœื‘ ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื ืงืœื” ื›ื™ ืจืง ืœืื•ืžื” ืฉืœื ื‘ืื” ืœืชื›ืœื™ืช ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™, ืื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื, ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ื›ืจื— ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ืขืดื™ ืœืงื™ื—ืช ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ. ื•ืžื–ื” ื ืœืžื“ ืฉื›ืฉื ืฉืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื™ืคืช ืชื•ืืจ, ื›ืŸ ื ื–ื›ื” ืœื”ืชืจื•ืžื ืžืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื—ื™ื ื•ืš ืฉืœ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืจืฉื•ืช, ื•ื ื›ื™ืจ ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื–ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ื ื• ืืœื ืœื’ื ืื™.

Wouldnโ€™t it be great to hear rabbis talk about stuff like this on Shabbat?! On the very next page of Pinkesei ha-Reiyah, R. Kook applies the same insight to the issue of slavery, seeing it as only a temporary phenomenon, one that the Torah wishes to see done away with.

Marc B. Shapiro, Thoughts on โ€œConfrontationโ€ and Sundry Matters Part II

All in the Family

So this little paragraph introduces us to Davidโ€™s future: the family and the conflicts that will destroy it. And so much starts from ื›ื ื’ื“ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข that is his ultimate weakness.