After relating the story of Davidโs family, we return to the kingdom of Israel:
ื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืื; ืืืื ืจ ืืื ืืชืืืง ืืืืช ืฉืืืื
ื ืืืฉืืื ืคืืืฉ ืืฉืื ืจืฆืคื ืืช ืืื; ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืจ ืืืืข ืืืชื ืื ืคืืืืฉ ืืืื
ื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืจ ืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืืืืืจ ืืจืืฉ ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืกื ืขื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืืืฆืืชื ืืื ืืื; ืืชืคืงื ืขืื ืขืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื
Avner is the one who put Ishboshet on the throne:
ื ืืืื ืจ ืื ื ืจ ืฉืจ ืฆืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืื ืืงื ืืช ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืืขืืจืื ืืื ืืื
ื ืืืืืืื ืื ืืืืขื ืืื ืืืฉืืจื ืืื ืืืจืขืื; ืืขื ืืคืจืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืืื
And the text emphasizes that Avner is the one fighting for Israel (in a losing battle):
ืืชืื ืืืืืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืื; ืืืื ืืื ืืืืง ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืื
Then we come onto the dialog that starts with ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืจ, โand he said to Avnerโ. We donโt know who said it, until we get to the end of the quote, ืคืืืืฉ ืืื. So itโs obviously Ishboshet. Leaving out his name seems to be a literary technique: it gives the sense of the camera coming in from around the corner , when we hear a heated argument but donโt know who is involved. We are surprised to find Ishboshet arguing with his chief of staff, the one who made him who he is. And the text continues to omit his name:
ืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืืชื ืืชืื
Ishboshet is hardly ever seen as the subject of a sentence. It just emphasizes his passivity.
ืกืคืจ ืืืชืื ืฉืืืืืช
ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืื,
ืืืืืืช ืืื ืจ ืืชืืืง ืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืชืื,
ืจืดื ืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉึพืืฉืช ืืขืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืื
ืืืืชืืื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืืื. ืืื ืืกืืืืช ืืืฉึพืืฉืช
ืฉืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืชืจ ืฆืจืื ืืืื ืจ ืื ืืืจ ืขืืื ืืืืจื
ืืจืคื.
I want to talk about what Ishboshetโs accusation means.ืืื ืื ืคืืืืฉ ืืืื is a big deal:
ื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืื ืืืื, ืืืฉืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืืื ืื ืืืโืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจืื ืื:ืื) โืฉืื ืชืฉืื ืขืืื ืืืโ , ืฉืชืืื ืืืืชื ืขืืื. ืืื ืจืืืืื ืขื ืกืืกื, ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืกืื, ืืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืืื, ืืื ืืืชืจื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืชืฉืืืฉื; ืืืฉืืื ืืช, ืืืื ื ืฉืจืคืื ืืคื ืื.
ื ืืื ืื ืืฉืชืืฉ ืืขืืืื ืืฉืคืืืชืื ืืฉืืฉืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืจ; ืืคืืื ืืืืฉื ืืืืชื ืืืชืจืช ืืฉืืื, ืืืกืืจื ืืืืื ืืื. [ื] ืืื ืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืื, ืืื ื ื ืืขืืช ืืืืจ ืืขืืื: ืืคืืื ืืืื, ืืื ื ื ืืฉื ืืืื ืชื ืื ืืจืืฉืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืจ.
ืฉืื ืืืื (ืกื ืืืจืื ืื,ื) ืคืืืฉ ืืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืฉืื ืืฉืจืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืืื.
It is how Avshalom declares that he has rebelled and taken over from his father:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืืืชืคื; ืืื ืืื ืขืฆื ืื ื ืขืฉืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืชืคื ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืื ืคืืืฉื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืฉืืืจ ืืืืช; ืืฉืืข ืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ื ืืืฉืช ืืช ืืืื ืืืืงื ืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืชืื
ืื ืืืื ืืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืื; ืืืื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืคืืืฉื ืืืื ืืขืื ื ืื ืืฉืจืืื
And that is the subtext of the battle between Adoniah and Solomon:
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืืืช ืื ืืช ืฉืืข ืื ืฉืืื ืืชืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื; ืืืืืจ ืฉืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืืื; ืืชืืืจ ืืืจื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืช ืืืขืช ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืืืื ืืขืื ืฉืื ืื ืืฉืจืื ืคื ืืื ืืืื; ืืชืกื ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืื ืืืณ ืืืชื ืืื
ืื ืืขืชื ืฉืืื ืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืื ืชืฉืื ืืช ืคื ื; ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืืืจื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืจื ื ื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืคื ืื; ืืืชื ืื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืฉืื ืืืช ืืืฉืื
ืื ืืชืืืจ ืืช ืฉืืข ืืื; ืื ืื ืืืืจ ืขืืื ืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืชืื ืืช ืฉืืข ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืขื ืืื ืืื; ืืืงื ืืืื ืืงืจืืชื ืืืฉืชืื ืื ืืืฉื ืขื ืืกืื ืืืฉื ืืกื ืืื ืืืื ืืชืฉื ืืืืื ืื
ื ืืชืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืืช ืงืื ื ืื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืืชื ืื ืชืฉื ืืช ืคื ื; ืืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืคื ืืื
ืื ืืชืืืจ ืืชื ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืฉืื
ืื ืืืขื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืืช ืืช ืืืืฉื ืืฉื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืช ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืื ื; ืืื ืืืืืืชืจ ืืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืฆืจืืืื
ืื ืืืฉืืข ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืณ ืืืืจ; ืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืกืืฃ ืื ืื ืคืฉื ืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืืจ ืืืื
ืื ืืขืชื ืื ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืืื ื ื ืืืืฉืืืื ื (ืืืืฉืืื ื) ืขื ืืกื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืื ืืืช ืืืฉืจ ืืืจ; ืื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืืืื
ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืืืข; ืืืคืืข ืื ืืืืชื
And this helps explain a very odd incident in Jacobโs life:
ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืจืฅ ืืืื ืืืื ืจืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืืื ืคืืืืฉ ืืืื ืืืฉืืข ืืฉืจืื;
ืืืืื ืื ื ืืขืงื ืฉื ืื ืขืฉืจื
Whatโs wrong with this pasuk? From a ืืจืฉ perspective, thereโs no way a ืฆืืืง like ืจืืืื would commit a crime like incest and adultery. So the gemara explains that after Rachel died, Jacob made Bilhah his primary wife (putting his bed in her tent) and Reuven defended his mother, Leahโs, honor by moving it to her tent:
ืืชืื ืฉืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืฉืืื.
But even from a ืคืฉื perpective, it cannot be taken literally. Reuven could not have slept with ืคืืืืฉ ืืืื, since Jacob did not have a ืคืืืืฉ:
ืืชืชื ืื ืืช ืืืื ืฉืคืืชื ืืืฉื; ืืืื ืืืื ืืขืงืื
The ืฉืคืืืช are never called ืคืืืฉืื anywhere in the Torah, except here. So however we understand what actually happened, ืคืืืืฉ ืืืื is figurative. What he did was seen as sleeping with his fatherโs concubine, ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ืฉืืื. It was an assertion of control, of leadership. Which is why his punishment is to lose that leadership. He is blamed for being impulsive (ืคืื ืืืื), taking what he could have had if he had only waited:
ื ืจืืืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืืื ืืจืืฉืืช ืืื ื ืืชืจ ืฉืืช ืืืชืจ ืขืื ื ืคืื ืืืื ืื ืชืืชืจ ืื ืขืืืช ืืฉืืื ืืืื; ืื ืืืืช ืืฆืืขื ืขืืื
ืืชืจ ืขื: ืืืืืืช, ืืื (ืฉืดื ื ื) ืืืชื ืขื ืืืืื. ืืื ืืจื ืื ืืืคืกืื ืื ืืื
ืคืื ืืืื: ืืคืื ืืืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืจืช ืืืจืืืช ืืขืกื, ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืืจืืฆืชื, ืืื
ืื ืชืืชืจ: .ืื ืชืชืจืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืชืจืืช ืืืื ืฉืืื ืจืืืืืช ืื.
Which explains an interesting gap in our story. Did Avner actually do anything wrong? Did he sleep with ืจืฆืคื?
ืืืืชืื ืื ืืืจ ืื ืืื ืื ืืืช ืฉืฉืื ืืื ืจ ืขื
ืจืฆืคื ืื ืื, ืืื ืืืจ โืืชืคืงืื ืขืื ืืช ืขืื ืืืฉืโ,
ืืื ืืืจื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืืืฉืืฉืช ืืืฉืคื
ืืืืืื, ืืืืืช ืจืฆืคื ืืืื ืชื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืชื
ืืชืฉืืืฉืื (ืขื ืืืืชื ืคืืืฉ ืืื ืืฉื) ืืืืชืโฆ
ืืกืืจื ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืจ โืืืืข ืืืช ืื ืคืืืฉ ืืื?โ
ืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืื ืืชื ืฆื ืฉืื ืขืฉืื ืืื ืืจื ืืคืโฆ
ืืื ืฉืืจืื ืืืฉืื ื ืื ืขืื ืืื ืืืฉื, ืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืืกืืจื ืืืฉืจ ืืื ื ืืื, ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืื, ืืืื โืืชืคืงื ืขืื ืขืื ืืืฉื ืืืืชโ, ืืื ืฉืฉืืข ืืืฉ ืืืฉืช ืื ื ืืขืื ืืื ืคืืจืฉื ืื ืขื ืื ืืื, ืื ืชื ืื ืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืขืจื ืื ืืื ืืืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืฉื ืฉืชืืฉ ืืื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืื.
And the gap, the lack of information that we have to fill in, is striking. The narrator in ืชื ืดื usually tells us what is going on before describing the reactions of the participants. Compare a very similar story:
ื ืืืกืข ืืฉื ืืืจืื ืืจืฆื ืื ืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืงืืฉ ืืืื ืฉืืจ; ืืืืจ ืืืจืจื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืจืื ืื ืฉืจื ืืฉืชื ืืืชื ืืื; ืืืฉืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืจืจ ืืืงื ืืช ืฉืจืื
ื ืืืื ืืืงืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืื ืื ื ืืช ืขื ืืืฉื ืืฉืจ ืืงืืช ืืืื ืืขืืช ืืขืื
ื ืืืืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ื ืืืื ืื ืฆืืืง ืชืืจืื
ื ืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืื; ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืคื ืขืฉืืชื ืืืชื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืขืชื ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืื; ืขื ืื ืื ื ืชืชืื ืื ืืข ืืืืื
The text makes it very clear that ืืืืืื ืื ืงืจื ืืืื, and Avimelech defends himself aginst the accusation: ืื ืงืื ืืคื ืขืฉืืชื ืืืช. We donโt see either of those things in our text.
But when we realize what the accusation really is, we realize that there is no gap. The accusation of ืืืืข ืืืชื ืื ืคืืืืฉ ืืื is not one of immorality, it is one of treason: Avner is setting himself up as king. And the text does tell us that he is innocent: ืืื ืจ ืืื ืืชืืืง ืืืืช ืฉืืื; as Abarbanel says, ืฉืืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืืฉึพืืฉืช. And Avner does defend himself: ืืืื ืืขืฉื ืืกื ืขื ืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืขืื ืืื ืืืฆืืชื ืืื ืืื.
And then Avner snaps:
ื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืจ ืืื ืืกืืฃ ืื; ืื ืืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืณ ืืืื ืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืื
ื ืืืขืืืจ ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืฉืืื; ืืืืงืื ืืช ืืกื ืืื ืขื ืืฉืจืื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืืจ ืฉืืขื
ืื ืืื ืืื ืขืื ืืืฉืื ืืช ืืื ืจ ืืืจ ืืืจืืชื ืืชืื
The language of ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืกืฃ is a particularly strong oath as aposiopesis; we saw it with Solomon above and it recurs throughout ืชื ืดื:
ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืขืฉื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืืกืฃ; ืื ืืืช ืชืืืช ืืื ืชืื
ืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืืจืืช ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืขืื ืืืื; ืืืฉืืข ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืขืฉื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื ืืกืืฃ ืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืื ืืฉืืฉ ืืืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืืื
It is striking that Avner recognizes that David is destined to be king. He was there when even Saul conceded that:
ืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืื ืืืืจ ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืงืื ืื ืื ื ืืื; ืืืฉื ืฉืืื ืงืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืื ืืื ืฆืืืง ืืชื ืืื ื; ืื ืืชื ืืืืชื ื ืืืืื ืืื ื ืืืืชืื ืืจืขืื
ืื ืืืช (ืืืชื) ืืืืช ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉืืชื ืืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืกืืจื ื ืืณ ืืืื ืืื ืืจืืชื ืื
ืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืืฉ ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืจื ืืืื; ืืืณ ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืชืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉืืชื ืืื
ื ืืขืชื ืื ื ืืืขืชื ืื ืืื ืชืืืื; ืืงืื ืืืื ืืืืืช ืืฉืจืืื
So what happens? Ishboshet is too scared to say anything, and we will see that he remains in denial that his kingdom is about to fall apart. But Avner acts:
ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืชืืชื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืฅ; ืืืืจ ืืจืชื ืืจืืชื ืืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืขืื ืืืกื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืืจืช ืืชื ืืจืืช; ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืจืื ืืช ืคื ื ืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืคื ืื
What is ืชืืชื? The targum translates it simply as โfrom his placeโ; Anver remained in Machanaim and just sent messengers secretly to David.
ืึผืฉืึฐืึทื ืึทืึฐื ึตืจ ืึดืึฐืึทืึดืื ืึฐืึทืช ืึธืึดื ืึตืึทืชึฐืจึตืืึผ ืึฐืึตืืึธืจ ืึฐืงึทืึฐืึธื ึธื ืึผึฐืึทื ืึทืขึฒืึทื ืึทืจึฐืขึธืโฆ
But the Malbim points out that they were authorized to negotiate on his behalf:
ืจืดื ืฉืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืืชื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืชืืชืื ืืืืงืืื ืืชืืื ืืื ืืืื.
What does ืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืฅ mean? Rashi brings two explanations: itโs either an oath to ืืณ, or a term of respect to David:
ืืื ืืจืฅ: ืืฉืื ืฉืืืขื ืืื ืฉืืืจืฅ ืฉืื.
ืืื ืืจืฅ: ืืื ืฉืืืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืจืชื ืืจืืชื ืืืืณ.
And Avner promises to ืืืกื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืื. This echoes the wording of ืืืจื ืืืืื:
ืืืืืืช ืฉืืื ืืืขืื ืืฉืจ ืืขื ืืืณ ืขื ืืืจ ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืื ืฉืืจ; ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืืืจืืฉื ืื ืืื ืืจืฉ ืืืณ ืืืืืชืื; ืืืกื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืฉืื
And has the sense of โturningโ, of a revolution in the making.
Davidโs only demand is for the return of Michal. His relationship to Michal, his first wife, will be the focus of our next session.