When we left off, Avner had offered to defect to David. David responded (ืฉืืืื ื:ืื)โืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืืจืช ืืชื ืืจืืช; ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืจืื ืืช ืคื ื ืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื. We donโt know any details of what Avner does to make that happen, but when David next makes the request of Ish Boshet (with whom he is still at war), Ish Boshet agrees:
ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ; ืชื ื ืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืฉืชื ืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืืืงืื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืืขื ืคืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ (ืืืฉ)ื
ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืจืื; ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื
Paltiel seems quite the tragic figure here, caught in the international intrigue between Israel and Judah, and ืืืดื saw him in only positive terms:
ืืชืื ืคืืื ืืืชืื ืคืืืืื ืืืจ ืจืณ ืืืื ื ืคืืื ืฉืื ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืคืืืืื ืฉืคืืื ืึพื ืื ืืขืืืจื. ืื ืขืฉื? ื ืขืฅ ืืจื ืืื ื ืืืื ื; ืืืจ ืื ืืขืืกืง ืืืืจ ืื ืืืงืจ ืืืจื ืื. ืืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ื) โืืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืโ ืฉื ืขืฉื ืื ืืืืฉื. ืืืืชืื (ืฉืืืื ื ื) โืืืื ืืืืโ ืขื ืืืฆืื ืืืืื ืืื ืื. โืขื ืืืืจืืโ ืฉื ืขืฉื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืฉืื ืืขืื ืืขื ืืืื.
But what does Michal think? We donโt see her reaction here at all.
Iโd like to spend some time looking at Michal and her history in ืชื ืดื.
ืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืฉืืื ืืื ืชื ืืืฉืื ืืืืืืฉืืข; ืืฉื ืฉืชื ืื ืชืื ืฉื ืืืืืจื ืืจื ืืฉื ืืงืื ื ืืืืื
ื ืืฉื ืืฉืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืขื ืืช ืืืืืขืฅ; ืืฉื ืฉืจ ืฆืืื ืืืื ืจ ืื ื ืจ ืืื ืฉืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืฉืืื; ืืืณ ืขืืื
ืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื; ืืืืจ ืืคื ืืื
ืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื; ืื ืืื ืืืฆื ืืื ืืคื ืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืื ื ืืชื ืืืืืื ืืจื ืืชื ืืชื ืื ืืืฉื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืืช ืืณ; ืืฉืืื ืืืจ ืื ืชืื ืืื ืื ืืชืื ืื ืื ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืขืช ืชืช ืืช ืืจื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื; ืืืื ื ืชื ื ืืขืืจืืื ืืืืืชื ืืืฉืื
ื ืืชืืื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืช ืืื; ืืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืืชื ื ื ืื ืืชืื ืื ืืืืงืฉ ืืชืื ืื ืื ืคืืฉืชืื; ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืชืื ืชืชืืชื ืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืฆื ืฉืืื ืืช ืขืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืคืฅ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืื; ืืขืชื ืืชืืชื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจื ืขืืื ืฉืืื ืืืื ื ืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืงืื ืืขืื ืืื ืืชืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืจืฉ ืื ืงืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืขืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืืืจ; ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืจ ืืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืชืืืจื ืืืื ืืื ืืคืฅ ืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืงื ืืืืื ืืืื; ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืืืคืื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืชื ืืืื; ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืงื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืคืืฉืชืื ืืืชืื ืืืฉ ืืืื ืืื ืืช ืขืจืืชืืื ืืืืืืื ืืืื ืืืชืืชื ืืืื; ืืืชื ืื ืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืืฉืื
ืื ืืืจื ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืื ืืณ ืขื ืืื; ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืืชืืื
ืื ืืืืกืฃ ืฉืืื ืืจื ืืคื ื ืืื ืขืื; ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืช ืืื ืื ืืืืืื
Does Michal love David? The text is clear. Does David love Michal? The text never says. Rav Amnon Bazak argues that David wasnโt interested in Michal as a person, only as a way to become part of the royal family:
ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืื ืืช ืืืืจืื ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืืื ืืืชืืชื ืืืื; ืืื ืืืื ืืืืืื
And he points to an interesting parallel. Thereโs one other story in ืชื ืดื of a courtship that involves two sisters and an unreasonable trial imposed by the girlโs father: the story of Jacob and Rachel. Itโs hard to miss the parallels, but that only points out the contrast: we hear explicitly:
ืืืขืื ืืขืงื ืืจืื ืฉืืข ืฉื ืื; ืืืืื ืืขืื ืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืืชื ืืชืื
We never hear of the feelings of David for Michal. We do know that David likes his beautiful women, and Michal is described as such:
ืชื ื ืจืื ื: ืืจืืข ื ืฉืื ืืคืืคืืืช ืืื ืืขืืื: ืฉืจื (ืืืืืืื, ืจืื) +ืืกืืจืช ืืฉืดืก: [ืจืื ืืืืืืื]+, ืืืกืชืจโฆ ืชื ื ืจืื ื: ืจืื ืืฉืื ืืื ืชื, ืืขื ืืงืืื, ืืืืืื ืืืืืจืชื, ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืจืืืืชื.
ืจืื ืืฉืื ืื ืชื ืืืณื ืื ืืื ืืืจื ืงืืื ืืืื [ืืื ืืงืจื ืืืืฃ ืื]. ืื ืจืื ืืืฉ ืงืฆืช ืจืื ืืื ืืงืจื โฆืืืืื ืืจืืืืชื ืืืชืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ื ืฉืงืคื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืืณ ืืืชืจ ืืื ืืชืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืืืชื ืืชืฆื ืืืื ืืงืจืืชื ืืืณ ืืืฉืืขืื ื ืงืจื ืืื ืจืฆืชื ืืฆืืช ืืืืชื ืฉืื ืืจืื ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืขื ืื ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืื ืคื ืืื ืืืคืืณ ืืฉื ืืช ืืื ืืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืคื ืืื ืฉืื ืืจืื ื ืืืจ.
But that is physical, not the ืืืื we expect from a ืฆืืืง.
Michal acts on her love:
ืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืช ืืื ืืฉืืจื ืืืืืืชื ืืืงืจ; ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืฉืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืืื ื ืืืื ืืช ื ืคืฉื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืืชื ืืืืชื
ืื ืืชืจื ืืืื ืืช ืืื ืืขื ืืืืื; ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืชืงื ืืืื ืืช ืืชืจืคืื ืืชืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืจ ืืขืืื ืฉืื ืืจืืฉืชืื; ืืชืืก ืืืืื
โฆ
ืื ืืืืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืจืืืชื ื ืืชืฉืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืืื; ืืชืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืืื ืฉืืื ื ืืื ืืืืชืื
But again, we never see Davidโs reaction. Does David love Michal?
Then, when David is on the run, Saul gives her to Paltiel:
ืืฉืืื ื ืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืชื ืืฉืช ืืื; ืืคืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื
We donโt know how long Michal and David have been separated; one of the problems of ืกืคืจ ืฉืืืื is the lack of any coherent chronology. Based on the flow of the text, I would assume itโs been one to two years.
How does Saul justify taking Michal from David? ืืืดื give two answers:
ืืดื ืื ืืขืืช ืืืชื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืืืชื ืืื ืืดื ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืืช ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืขืชืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืกืืจ ืืืื ืืคืจืืื ืืขืชืื ืืคืจืืื
ื ืืื ืืจืื ืืจืณ ืฉืืืื ืืจ ื ืืื ื, ืืืจ ืืฉืืื ืืื ืืฉ ืืืฉืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืช, ืืขืืฉืื ืืชืืจ ืงืื ืขืชื ืืขืฉื ืืืชื ืืืืืืืืก, ืืืืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืฉืชื ืืืชืจืช, ืขืื ืฉืืื ืื ืชื ืืืื ืืฉืช ืืื ืขื ืคืื ืืคืืื ืื ืืืฉ.
Both are probably true. The first is the halachic justification, a technicality that makes it permissible. The second is the real reason. Saul has just declared David dead. How does Michal feel? Her last interaction with David was saving his life. Now David has married two other women (ืืืืื and ืืืื ืขื). The text doesnโt tell us.
ื ืืืืื (ืืืืืื) ืืืื ืื ืื ืืืืจืื; ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืืื ืขื ืืืืจืขืืืชื
ื ืืืฉื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื (ืืืืืืื) ืืฉืช ื ืื ืืืจืืื; ืืืฉืืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืช ืชืืื ืืื ืืฉืืจื
ื ืืืจืืืขื ืืื ืื ืื ืืืืช; ืืืืืืฉื ืฉืคืืื ืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืืฉืฉื ืืชืจืขื ืืขืืื ืืฉืช ืืื; ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืืจืืื
We discussed before that ืขืืื ืืฉืช ืืื is likely Michal. Note that David has a total of six wives, two of whom he married before he went to Ziklag and one of whom (ืืขืื) was likely a captive from his time in Ziklag. So by the time Michal returns to David in Hebron, heโs got at least 3 other wives (possibly all 5). Does David love Michal?
ืืืดื say so:
ืืืจ ืจื ืขืืื ืื ืืืื. ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืขืืื? ืฉืืืืื ืขืืื ืืขืืื. ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ (ืฉืืคืืื ืื) ืืืื ืืจืฉืชื ืืขืืืชื ืืืืณ.
But thereโs another understanding of the name ืขืืื that has nothing to do with Davidโs love:
ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืขืืื, ืืื ืืื ืืืชืื ืืืฉืฉื ืืชืจืขื ืืขืืื ืืฉืช ืืื (ืฉืืืื ื ื:ื), ืื ืืืื ืืืื ื ืงืจื ืฉืื ืขืืื, ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืืงืืืช ืขืื ืขื ืฆืืืจื, ืื ืืืื ืื ืงืืืื ืขืื ืืืืื, ืืื ืงืื ืืจื ืืืชื.
So sheโs named ืขืืื because she is independent (โfriskyโ is the word we use for a calf in English but it doesnโt have the right connotations here). Michal has her own opinions and her own mind, and will make her own decisions (notably, sheโs the only woman in ืชื ืดื whoโs feelings toward her husband are recorded). But what does she feel now, being pulled from Paltiel back to David? We donโt know.
This is a good point to mention Michalโs other area of independence:
ืืชื ืื: ืืืื ืืช ืืืฉื ืืืชื ืื ืืช ืชืคืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื.
Now, Iโm not going to touch the contemporary question of women wearing tefillin. For a discussion, see Rabbi Brodyโs article in Torah Musings.
But why would ืืืดื see Michal as the paradigm for a woman putting on tefillin? Unfortunately, despite the gallons of ink spilled on the halachic question, virtually nobody discussed the narrative question.
The ืืืดื understands that the problem is based on the prohibition of a woman wearing a manโs garment, and that a daughter of the king had more leeway there. The ืขืจืื ืืฉืืืื sees it as a sign of her righteousness:
ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืช ืชืคืืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืืื ืืืกืชืื ืืืขื ืฉืืื ืฆืืงืช ืืืืจื ืืืืขื ืืืืืจ.
The ืืฃ ืืืืื brings an interesting kabbalistic explanation:
ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืกืณ ืฉืืืจ ืืืื ืื ืคืณ ืื
ืชืฆื ืืกืณ ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืจ ืขื ืืฉื ืฉืืชื ืืืดื ืืื ืืืจ
ืืืดืช ืืดืฉ ืืืณ ืื ืชืคืืืื ืฉืื ืกืื ืขืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืืณ ืืืื
ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืฉืืืชื ืื ืืช ืชืคืืืื ืขืดื. ืืืืืื
ืืคื ืืื ืืดื ืืืช ืืณ ืืืชื ืืืดืฉ ืืืื ืจืืื ืืืืื ืืช
ืฉืืื ืืืืณ ืืคืฉืดื ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืืื ืืืืขื
ืืขืฆืื ืฉืืืชื ืื ื ืฉืื ืืขืืื ืืืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืืื ืืช
ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื.ืขืืดื.
Iโm not satisfied with any of these answers, and would like some hint from the text about this. Perhaps we are left with ืื ืืขืืื ืืืืช ืืื ื ืืงืืืช ืขืื but that was only the ืขืื of the men in her life and she readily accepted the ืขืื ืืืืืช ืฉืืื as symbolized by her tefillin. Maybe.
ื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืจ ืืืืืื ืื ืืื ืชืืชื ืืืืจ ืืื ืืจืฅ; ืืืืจ ืืจืชื ืืจืืชื ืืชื ืืื ื ืืื ืขืื ืืืกื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ื ืืืจืช ืืชื ืืจืืช; ืื ืืืจ ืืื ืื ืื ืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืืจ ืื ืชืจืื ืืช ืคื ื ืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืช ืคื ืื
ืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจ; ืชื ื ืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืฉืชื ืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืืื
ืื ืืืฉืื ืืืฉ ืืฉืช ืืืงืื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืืขื ืคืืืืื ืื ืืืฉ (ืืืฉ)ื
ืื ืืืื ืืชื ืืืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืืจืื; ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืจ ืื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื
ืืขืงืจ ืืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืืืจืื ื ืืืจืื ืฉืฉืืื ืืขื ืืืฉื ืฉืงืืืฉื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืคื ืืืื ืื ืงืืฉื ืืืืื ืฉื ืขืืฉืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืื ืืืืช, ืื ืฉืืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื ืฉืืื ืคืจืืื ืืฉืืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ื ืฉืืื ืืืื, ืืืื ืืืืง ืืื (ืืงืื ืฉื ืื) ืชื ื ืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืจืฉืชื ืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช ืคืืฉืชืื, ืืืืดื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืจ ืืืืืืจื, ืื ืืื ืืืชื ืื ืืกื ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืฉืืื ืฉืืขื ืืืื, ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืจื ืื ืืช ืืขืื ืื ืฉืืช ืขื ืคื ืืืช ืืื ืฉืื ื ืืกืจื.
We understand how David takes her back. But why? Rav Bazak and others who donโt think David had any personal feelings toward Michal would say that it was political: David wanted to establish himself as Saulโs successor and the rightful king of Israel. But Iโm a little hesitant about that. David doesnโt publicly call her ืืช ืฉืืื, just ืืช ืืฉืชื ืืช ืืืื. His claim of kingship is based on Samuelโs anointing, not his relationship to Saul. The ืืฉืืฆืืช ืืื brings up another political reason: if Saul gave Michal to Paltiel because he claimed David was a rebel and thus dead, when the house of Saul returned Michal to David, it would be clear that David had not been a rebel and in fact had been loyal to Saul the whole time. Itโs not ืืช ืฉืืื per se that David wanted but the admission from Saulโs son that he (David) was innocent.
Or maybe David really loved Michal. But does Michal love David?
But five years later, things have gone sour:
ืื ืืืื ืืจืื ืืณ ืื ืขืืจ ืืื; ืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ื ืฉืงืคื ืืขื ืืืืื ืืชืจื ืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืคืื ืืืืจืืจ ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืชืื ืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืืืฆืื ืืชื ืืืงืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืื ืื ืืื; ืืืขื ืืื ืขืืืช ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืฉืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืืื; ืืืืจื ืืช ืืขื ืืฉื ืืณ ืฆืืืืชื
ืื ืืืืืง ืืื ืืขื ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืืืืฉ ืืขื ืืฉื ืืืืฉ ืืืช ืืื ืืืช ืืืฉืคืจ ืืื ืืืฉืืฉื ืืืช; ืืืื ืื ืืขื ืืืฉ ืืืืชืื
ื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืืช ืืืชื;
ืืชืฆื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืงืจืืช ืืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืจ ื ืืื ืืืื ืืขืื ื ืืืืืช ืขืืืื ืืืืืืช ื ืืืืช ืืื ืืจืงืืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืืชื ื ืืื ืขื ืขื ืืณ ืขื ืืฉืจืื; ืืฉืืงืชื ืืคื ื ืืณื
ืื ืื ืงืืชื ืขืื ืืืืช ืืืืืชื ืฉืคื ืืขืื ื; ืืขื ืืืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืืืจืช ืขืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืื ืขื ืืื ืืืชืื
Does Michal love David? Does David love Michal? Did Michal not have children because she was barrenโor because she no longer had a relationship with David?
And we have one more mention of Michal, highlighting her righteousness and concern for others:
ืืืงื ืืืื ืืช ืฉื ื ืื ื ืจืฆืคื ืืช ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืฉืืื ืืช ืืจืื ื ืืืช ืืคืืฉืช; ืืืช ืืืฉืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืฉืจ ืืืื ืืขืืจืืื ืื ืืจืืื ืืืืืชืื
ืืจืณ ืืืืฉืข ืื ืงืจืื ื ืื ืืืชืื ืืช ืืืฉืช ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืฉืืื ืืืจ ืื ืจืื ืืืืฉืข ืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืคืืื ื ืงืจืื ืขื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืฉืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืชืื ืืืชื ืืขืื ืขืืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืืืื
So what happened? We will never know. But it certainly seems that the feelings that David and Michal had for each other turned eventually to scorn and even hate. And the story of Michal ends with a complete tragedy.
ืื ืืืฉื ืขืืืื ืืขืฆืืืช ืจืื ืงืจืื ืืณ; ืืืฉืช ื ืขืืจืื ืื ืชืืืก ืืืจ ืืืงืืื