When we left off, Avner had offered to defect to David. David responded (שמואל ג:יג)ויאמר טוב אני אכרת אתך ברית; אך דבר אחד אנכי שאל מאתך לאמר לא תראה את פני כי אם לפני הביאך את מיכל בת שאול. We don’t know any details of what Avner does to make that happen, but when David next makes the request of Ish Boshet (with whom he is still at war), Ish Boshet agrees:
Paltiel seems quite the tragic figure here, caught in the international intrigue between Israel and Judah, and חז״ל saw him in only positive terms:
But what does Michal think? We don’t see her reaction here at all.
I’d like to spend some time looking at Michal and her history in תנ״ך.
Does Michal love David? The text is clear. Does David love Michal? The text never says.
Rav Amnon Bazak argues that David wasn’t interested in Michal as a person, only as a way to become part of the royal family:
And he points to an interesting parallel. There’s one other story in תנ״ך of a courtship that involves two sisters and an unreasonable trial imposed by the girl’s father: the story of Jacob and Rachel. It’s hard to miss the parallels, but that only points out the contrast: we hear explicitly:
We never hear of the feelings of David for Michal. We do know that David likes his beautiful women, and Michal is described as such:
But that is physical, not the אהבה we expect from a צדיק.
Michal acts on her love:
But again, we never see David’s reaction. Does David love Michal?
Then, when David is on the run, Saul gives her to Paltiel:
We don’t know how long Michal and David have been separated; one of the problems of ספר שמואל is the lack of any coherent chronology. Based on the flow of the text, I would assume it’s been one to two years.
How does Saul justify taking Michal from David? חז״ל give two answers:
Both are probably true. The first is the halachic justification, a technicality that makes it permissible. The second is the real reason. Saul has just declared David dead.
How does Michal feel? Her last interaction with David was saving his life. Now David has married two other women (אביגל and אחינעם). The text doesn’t tell us.
We discussed before that עגלה אשת דוד is likely Michal. Note that David has a total of six wives, two of whom he married before he went to Ziklag and one of whom (מעכה) was likely a captive from his time in Ziklag. So by the time Michal returns to David in Hebron, he’s got at least 3 other wives (possibly all 5). Does David love Michal?
חז״ל say so:
But there’s another understanding of the name עגלה that has nothing to do with David’s love:
So she’s named עגלה because she is independent (“frisky” is the word we use for a calf in English but it doesn’t have the right connotations here). Michal has her own opinions and her own mind, and will make her own decisions (notably, she’s the only woman in תנ״ך who’s feelings toward her husband are recorded). But what does she feel now, being pulled from Paltiel back to David? We don’t know.
This is a good point to mention Michal’s other area of independence:
But why would חז״ל see Michal as the paradigm for a woman putting on tefillin? Unfortunately, despite the gallons of ink spilled on the halachic question, virtually nobody discussed the narrative question.
The בה״ג understands that the problem is based on the prohibition of a woman wearing a man’s garment, and that a daughter of the king had more leeway there. The ערוך השולחן sees it as a sign of her righteousness:
The כף החיים brings an interesting kabbalistic explanation:
I’m not satisfied with any of these answers, and would like some hint from the text about this. Perhaps we are left with מה העגלה הזאת אינה מקבלת עול but that was only the עול of the men in her life and she readily accepted the עול מלכות שמים as symbolized by her tefillin. Maybe.
We understand how David takes her back. But why? Rav Bazak and others who don’t think David had any personal feelings toward Michal would say that it was political: David wanted to establish himself as Saul’s successor and the rightful king of Israel. But I’m a little hesitant about that. David doesn’t publicly call her בת שאול, just את אשתי את מיכל. His claim of kingship is based on Samuel’s anointing, not his relationship to Saul. The משבצות זהב brings up another political reason: if Saul gave Michal to Paltiel because he claimed David was a rebel and thus dead, when the house of Saul returned Michal to David, it would be clear that David had not been a rebel and in fact had been loyal to Saul the whole time. It’s not בת שאול per se that David wanted but the admission from Saul’s son that he (David) was innocent.
Or maybe David really loved Michal. But does Michal love David?
But five years later, things have gone sour:
Does Michal love David? Does David love Michal? Did Michal not have children because she was barren—or because she no longer had a relationship with David?
And we have one more mention of Michal, highlighting her righteousness and concern for others:
So what happened? We will never know. But it certainly seems that the feelings that David and Michal had for each other turned eventually to scorn and even hate. And the story of Michal ends with a complete tragedy.