We mentioned that when David set up a โtentโ for the ืืจืื in Jerusalem:
ืืืขืฉ ืื ืืชืื ืืขืืจ ืืืื; ืืืื ืืงืื ืืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืื ืื ืืืื
it wasnโt a little tent:
but a real structure modeled on the ืืฉืื ืฉืืื:
It was meant to be a permanent building, the basis of the future ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ.
And David established a service there, led by Asaf and his Levites. In ืืืจื ืืืืื that service is recorded as one long psalm, the ืืืื ืืืณ ืงืจืื ืืฉืื that we say as part of ืคืกืืงื ืืืืจื every morning. That psalm is a digest of three chapters of ืชืืืืื,โ 105, 96 and 106 (in that order). It is unclear which came first: was the shorter psalm later expanded for inclusion (in three parts) in ืกืคืจ ืชืืืืื, or was it actually said as three psalms and the author of ืืืจื ืืืืื just summarized them? I will assume the latter and look at each psalm separately, and also deal with the question of why they are out of order. 106 clearly follows 105 in context; 96 seems not to fit.
ืกืืจ ืขืืื says that ืชืืืืื ืงื was said in the morning, and ืชืืืืื ืฆื and ืงื were said in the afternoon (I called that a kind of ืื ืื/ืืขืจืื). Letโs look at the ืฉืืจืืช service:
ื ืืืื ืืืณ ืงืจืื ืืฉืื; ืืืืืขื ืืขืืื ืขืืืืืชืืื
ื ืฉืืจื ืื ืืืจื ืื; ืฉืืื ืืื ื ืคืืืืชืืื
ื ืืชืืืื ืืฉื ืงืืฉื; ืืฉืื ืื ืืืงืฉื ืืณื
ื ืืจืฉื ืืณ ืืขืื; ืืงืฉื ืคื ืื ืชืืืื
ื ืืืจื ื ืคืืืืชืื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื; ืืคืชืื ืืืฉืคืื ืคืืื
ื ืืจืข ืืืจืื ืขืืื; ืื ื ืืขืงื ืืืืจืืื
ื ืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ื; ืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืคืืืื
ื ืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืจืืชื; ืืืจ ืฆืื ืืืืฃ ืืืจื
ื ืืฉืจ ืืจืช ืืช ืืืจืื; ืืฉืืืขืชื ืืืฉืืงื
ื ืืืขืืืื ืืืขืงื ืืืง; ืืืฉืจืื ืืจืืช ืขืืืื
ืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืชื ืืช ืืจืฅ ืื ืขื; ืืื ื ืืืชืืื
ืื ืืืืืชื ืืชื ืืกืคืจ; ืืืขื ืืืจืื ืืื
ืื ืืืชืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืื; ืืืืืื ืื ืขื ืืืจื
ืื ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉืงื; ืืืืื ืขืืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืื ืชืืขื ืืืฉืืื; ืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืจืขืื
ืื ืืืงืจื ืจืขื ืขื ืืืจืฅ; ืื ืืื ืืื ืฉืืจื
ืื ืฉืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืฉ; ืืขืื ื ืืืจ ืืืกืฃื
ืื ืขื ื ืืืื ืจืืืื (ืจืืื); ืืจืื ืืื ื ืคืฉืื
ืื ืขื ืขืช ืื ืืืจื ืืืจืช ืืณ ืฆืจืคืชืืื
ื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืืจืื; ืืฉื ืขืืื ืืืคืชืืืื
ืื ืฉืื ืืืื ืืืืชื; ืืืฉื ืืื ืงื ืื ืื
ืื ืืืกืจ ืฉืจืื ืื ืคืฉื; ืืืงื ืื ืืืืื
ืื ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืจืื; ืืืขืงื ืืจ ืืืจืฅ ืืื
ืื ืืืคืจ ืืช ืขืื ืืื; ืืืขืฆืืื ืืฆืจืืื
ืื ืืคื ืืื ืืฉื ื ืขืื; ืืืชื ืื ืืขืืืืื
ืื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืขืืื; ืืืจื ืืฉืจ ืืืจ ืืื
ืื ืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชืืชืื; ืืืคืชืื ืืืจืฅ ืืื
ืื ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืืืฉื; ืืื ืืจื ืืช ืืืจืื (ืืืจื)ื
ืื ืืคื ืืช ืืืืืื ืืื; ืืืืช ืืช ืืืชืื
ื ืฉืจืฅ ืืจืฆื ืฆืคืจืืขืื; ืืืืจื ืืืืืืื
ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืขืจื; ืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืื
ืื ื ืชื ืืฉืืืื ืืจื; ืืฉ ืืืืืช ืืืจืฆืื
ืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืชืื ืชื; ืืืฉืืจ ืขืฅ ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืจืื; ืืืืง ืืืื ืืกืคืจื
ืื ืืืืื ืื ืขืฉื ืืืจืฆื; ืืืืื ืคืจื ืืืืชืื
ืื ืืื ืื ืืืืจ ืืืจืฆื; ืจืืฉืืช ืืื ืืื ืื
ืื ืืืืฆืืื ืืืกืฃ ืืืื; ืืืื ืืฉืืืื ืืืฉืื
ืื ืฉืื ืืฆืจืื ืืฆืืชื; ืื ื ืคื ืคืืื ืขืืืืื
ืื ืคืจืฉ ืขื ื ืืืกื; ืืืฉ ืืืืืจ ืืืืื
ื ืฉืื ืืืื ืฉืื; ืืืื ืฉืืื ืืฉืืืขืื
ืื ืคืชื ืฆืืจ ืืืืืื ืืื; ืืืื ืืฆืืืช ื ืืจื
ืื ืื ืืืจ ืืช ืืืจ ืงืืฉื; ืืช ืืืจืื ืขืืืื
ืื ืืืืฆื ืขืื ืืฉืฉืื; ืืจื ื ืืช ืืืืจืืื
ืื ืืืชื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืื; ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฉืื
ืื ืืขืืืจ ืืฉืืจื ืืงืื ืืชืืจืชืื ืื ืฆืจื;
ืืืืืึพืื
ืืืื ืืืณ ืงืจืื ืืฉืื
This was a psalm of ืืืืื, acknowledgment or thanks. Weโve talked about that, how ืืืืื canโt just be listened to, it has to be expressed. Such psalms were meant to be responsive, with a ืฉืืื ืฆืืืืจ saying the words and the ืงืืืื reciting the refrain after each verse.
ืฉืืกืฃ ืืื ืืชืืื ืืืื ืืืณ ืงืจืื ืืฉืื ืืืืจื ืื ืื ืืืื ืขืื ืื ืืืจืื.
And this song is meant to inspire us to spread the word of G-dโs great deeds throughout the world (ืืืืืขื ืืขืืื ืขืืืืืชืื).
ืฉืืจื: ืืคืืื.
ืืืจื: ืืืื ืืจ.
ืฉืืื: ืืืืจืื.
ืืจืฉื ืืณ
We are meant to seek out ืืณ (and be happy about it). This is part of Davidโs mission: building the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ is a matter of ืืจืืฉื;โ ืืณ wonโt just hand it to us:
ืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ื ืชืืจืฉื ืืืืช ืฉืืื
โืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืโโฆืืืื ืชืืชืื ืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืื ื ืืื? ืชืืืื ืืืืจ, ืืฉืื ื ืชืืจืฉื ืืืืช ืฉืื: ืืจืืฉ ืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืื.
And that ืืจืืฉื has been lacking until now:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ื ืคืจืฆื ื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืจืฉืืื; ืืืงืืฆื ืืืื ืื
ื ืื ืกืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืงืื ื ืืืื ื; ืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื
ืืืจื ื ืคืืืืชืื
And the specific ืขืืืืืช that David wants to talk about are the stories of the ืืืืช. Weโve seen other ืชืืืืื (like ืขื) that deal with history but they go back to Egypt and ืืฆืืืช ืืฆืจืื. This is the only perek that deals with the prehistory of the Jewish people. I think that David is trying to establish that connection. Heโs trying to create a unified country out of a bunch of Israelite tribes that still donโt think of themselves as one people, and he has to go back to ืืืจืื,โ ืืฆืืง and ืืขืงื to do that. The original ืืจืืช was with them, and it lasts to this very day: ืืืจ ืืขืืื ืืจืืชื.
I donโt have a good reason why ืืฆืืง is spelled ืืฉืืง here (in ืืืจื ืืืืื it is spelled ืืฆืืง) but Artscroll brings a โcuteโ gematria: the difference between ืืฉืืง and ืืฆืืง is 210 (ืฉ is 300; ืฆ is 90). Thereโs a hint to the 210 years of servitude that the fulfillment of the ืืจืืช was delayed, but it is still a reason for rejoicing (ืืฉืืง) because it could have been much longer:
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจื ืืืข ืชืืข ืื ืืจ ืืืื ืืจืขื ืืืจืฅ ืื ืืื ืืขืืืื ืืขื ื ืืชื ืืจืืข ืืืืช ืฉื ืื
ืื ืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืขืืื ืื ืื ืื; ืืืืจื ืื ืืฆืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืืื
ืื ืื ืื ืืื ืืขืฉืงื
ืกืคืจ ืืจืืฉืืช is full of the stories of the ืืืืช being saved from foreign leaders. David specifically refers to the story of Avraham and Avimelech:
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ืื ืื ืื ืืืขืชื ืื ืืชื ืืืื ืขืฉืืช ืืืช ืืืืฉื ืื ืื ืื ืืืชื ืืืื ืื; ืขื ืื ืื ื ืชืชืื ืื ืืข ืืืืื
ื ืืขืชื ืืฉื ืืฉืช ืืืืฉ ืื ื ืืื ืืื ืืืชืคืื ืืขืื ืืืื; ืืื ืืื ื ืืฉืื ืืข ืื ืืืช ืชืืืช ืืชื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืืื
And this pasuk has echoes today:
ืืืจ ืจื ืืืืื ืืืจ ืจื: ืืื ืืืชืื (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) ืื ืชืืขื ืืืฉืืื ืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืจืขื? โืื ืชืืขื ืืืฉืืืโ ืืื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืจืื. โืืื ืืืื ืื ืชืจืขืโ ืืื ืชืดื. ืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืฉืื ืจืื ืืืืื ื ืฉืืื: ืืื ืืขืืื ืืชืงืืื ืืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืจืื. ืืดื ืจื ืคืคื ืืืืื: ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื? ืืดื: ืืื ื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืืื ืื ืืื. ืืืืจ ืจืืฉ ืืงืืฉ ืืฉืื ืจืดื ื ืฉืืื: ืืื ืืืืืื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืจืื ืืคืืณ ืืื ืื ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ. ืืืืจ ืจืดื ืืจืดื ื ืฉืืื: ืื ืืงืืืื ื ืืืืืชื ืืืืจื ืื ืืืืืชืื; ืื ืขืืจ ืฉืืื ืื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืจืื ืืืจืืืื ืืืชื.
ืฉืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืฉ
From this point on is left out of ืืืจื ืืืืื. It leaves the story incomplete, which bolsters my argument that ืืืจื ืืืืื is a summary of the actual ืฉืืจื.
Then David moves to the story of Joseph, emphasizing that it was all part of ืืณโs plan. The tragedy of his slavery, even โimpisoning his soulโ (ืืจืื ืืื ื ืคืฉื), was ืืณโs doing: ืฉืื ืืคื ืืื ืืืฉโโฆืขื ืขืช ืื ืืืจื.
ืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืืจืื is intentionally ambiguous:
ืจืื ืฉืืขืื ืืืจ ืืชืื (ืชืืืื ืงืื) ืืณ ืืชืืจ ืืกืืจืื ืืืืณ ืืืื ืืชืื ืฉืื ืืื ืืืชืืจืืโฆืืืฉื ืขืืื ืืืคืชืืื. ืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืื ืงืืืฉื ืืจืื ืืื, ืืืฉื ืขืืื ืื ืงืืืฉื ืืจืื ืืื .
ืืืืจ ืื โืฉืื ืืืโ ืืงืืืฉ ืื ืงืจื ืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืฉื ื ืื ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืกื ืืื ืืืชืืจืื, ืืื โืืืฉื ืขืืืโ ืืื ืคืจืขื ืืืคืชืืื, ืฉืื ืื ืื ืืื ืื ืืืงืืจ ืชืืช ืื ืืื ืืกืืืจ ืืืืื ืืื ืืกืชืื ืขื ืืืจ ืืืื ืชื, ืื ืืืณ ืืฆื ืืืืจ ืื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืืืช ืืื ืฉื ืืขืื.
ืืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืฆืจืื
Then he gets into more familiar territory, the cycle of Jewish history. Weโre successful, we forget G-d, we are punished, we repent and are saved.
ื ืืขื ืืช ืืืืจืช ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืืจืื ืืื ืืื ืืืจื ืืฆืจืืื ืืืืจ ืฉื ืืืชื ืืขื; ืืืื ืฉื ืืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืจืื
ื ืืืจืขื ืืชื ื ืืืฆืจืื ืืืขื ืื ื; ืืืชื ื ืขืืื ื ืขืืื ืงืฉืื
ื ืื ืฆืขืง ืื ืืณ ืืืงื ืืืชืื ื; ืืืฉืืข ืืณ ืืช ืงืื ื ืืืจื ืืช ืขื ืื ื ืืืช ืขืืื ื ืืืช ืืืฆื ืื
ื ืืืืฆืื ื ืืณ ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืืงื ืืืืจืข ื ืืืื ืืืืจื ืืื ืืืืชืืช ืืืืคืชืืื
ื ืืืืื ื ืื ืืืงืื ืืื; ืืืชื ืื ื ืืช ืืืจืฅ ืืืืช ืืจืฅ ืืืช ืืื ืืืืฉื
ืฉืื ืื ืืืจื ืืชืืชืื
He skips the years of servitude to come back to G-dโs greatness (he is emphasizing ืืืืืขื ืืขืืื ืขืืืืืชืื, after all) and recounts the plagues. Malbim says ืื ืืจื refers to the plagues; ืืณ demonstrated His control of nature when the elements obeyed Hi will:
ืื ืืจื: ืืืกื ืขื ืืืืชืืช ืืืืืคืชืื ืฉืขืฉื ืฉืืืืืชื.
As in ืชืืืืื ืขื, I donโt know why the order is off. He skips ืืืจ and ืฉืืื:
ืฉืื ืืฉื ืืืืฉืื ืืืืณ: ืื ื ืึฐืึทื ืฉืืื ื ืืืืืจ ืืืจ ืืฉืืื, ืื ื ืืชืื ื ืฉืื ืื ืืื ืืืืืจืื ืืฉืจืื ืขื ืืืืื ืขืืืืืชืื ืืชืืจื ืืืืืจื ืืืืืขื ืืขืืื ืขืืืืืชืื (ืคืกืืง ื), ืืขืืื ืืืืืื, ืืื ืืืฉืื ืฉืืื ืืืืข ืืืืขื ืงืฆืช ืืืืืชื, ืขื ืื ืืึถืึถืจ ืฉืืืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืจื ืืขืืื ืืื, ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืื ืืืงื ื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืืช ืืื, ืืื ืืฉืืื ืื ืืื ืืคืืจืกื ืืฉืืื ื ืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืฉืืืื.
Similarly, Ibn Ezra points out that those two did not impress Pharaoh:
ืืื ืืืืืจ ืืืืจ ืืืฉืืื ืื ืื ืืงืฉ ืคืจืขื ืืืฉื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื.
ืฉืื ืืฆืจืื ืืฆืืชื
And when they leave ืืืกืฃ ืืืื, the Egyptians are happy to see them go. ืื ื ืคื ืคืืื ืขืืืื may mean simply that the Egyptians were so scared of the Jews that they just wanted them out of the country, but I think it represents something more profound:
ื ืืื ื ืืฉืจืื ืขืฉื ืืืืจ ืืฉื; ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืชื
ืื ืืืณ ื ืชื ืืช ืื ืืขื ืืขืื ื ืืฆืจืื ืืืฉืืืื; ืืื ืฆืื ืืช ืืฆืจืืื
Benno Jacob translates ืืื ืฆืื as โsavedโ, not โplunderedโ:
Kn. and Di. interpretation โthey pulled the Egyptians out, i.e., they looted the objects which they demandedโ, represents a Germanization (entzogen), for only in that language is it possible to equate โpull outโ with โplunderโ: this has no relationship to our Hebrew text. Even if we assumed they โrescuedโ objects which were legitimately theirs, they should have been the object, not mitz-ra-yim.
We can only translate this phrase as โand they saved Egyptโ. This does not refer to the Egyptian fear of death (our statement follows the last plague), nor was it concerned with the earlier plagues, which they deserved as they had not helped the Israelites. Rather they were saved from the future destructive hate of G-d and any final vengeance. [emphasis mine]
The key to understanding ืืืฉืืื ืืืฆืจืื ืืื ืืกืฃ ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืืืช is that these โgiftsโ are reparations. They allow ืื ื ืืฉืจืื to leave Egypt without hating the Egyptians, without always looking for revenge. Rabbi Sacks connects this to a mitzvah in Ki Tetse:
ืื ืชืชืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืื; ืื ืชืชืขื ืืฆืจื ืื ืืจ ืืืืช ืืืจืฆืื
Now, forty years later, Moses speaks as if none of this had happened, as if the Israelites owed the Egyptians a debt of gratitude for their hospitality. Yet he and the people were where they were only because they were escaping from Egyptian persecution. Nor did he want the people to forget it. To the contrary, he told them to recite the story of the exodus every year, as we still do on Passover, re-enacting it with bitter herbs and unleavened bread so that the memory would be passed on to all future generations. If you want to preserve freedom, he implies, never forget what it feels like to lose it. Yet here, on the banks of the Jordan, addressing the next generation, he tells the people, โDo not hate an Egyptianโ. What is going on in this verse?
To be free, you have to let go of hate. That is what Moses is saying. If they continued to hate their erstwhile enemies, Moses would have taken the Israelites out of Egypt, but he would not have taken Egypt out of the Israelites. Mentally, they would still be there, slaves to the past. They would still be in chains, not of metal but of the mindโand chains of the mind are the most constricting of all.
ืคืจืฉ ืขื ื ืืืกื
David summarizes the way ืืณ protected the Jews in the wilderness. Notably, this psalm is all positive; thereโs no mention of rebellions and all the sins of the Jews in those years. Thatโs an important contrast to ืชืืืืื ืงื that follows. This is the happy morning prayer, but it still comes with a message: ืืชื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืืื; ืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืจืฉืื ืืขืืืจ ืืฉืืจื ืืงืื ืืชืืจืชืื ืื ืฆืจื. Itโs the same message that Moshe gave the Jews 400 years earlier:
ื ืืืื ืื ืืืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉืืข ืืืืชืื ืืืืจืื ืืืฆืืง ืืืืขืงื ืืชืช ืื; ืขืจืื ืืืืช ืืืืช ืืฉืจ ืื ืื ืืชื
ืื ืืืชืื ืืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืืืช ืืืจืช ืืฆืืืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืฆืืช ืืจืืื ืืืืชืื ืืฉืจ ืื ื ืืขืช; ืืืืืช ืืฉืืขืชื
ืื ืืฉืืจ ืื ืคื ืชืฉืื ืืช ืืณ ืืฉืจ ืืืฆืืื ืืืจืฅ ืืฆืจืื ืืืืช ืขืืืืื
ืื ืืช ืืณ ืืืงืื ืชืืจื ืืืชื ืชืขืื; ืืืฉืื ืชืฉืืขื
It is Davidโs hope that the nation he is creating out of ืื ื ืืฉืจืื will be worthy of being the one foretold in the ืืจืืช of ืืืจืื,โโ ืืฆืืง and ืืขืงื.