ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Praise the L-rd

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

We mentioned that when David set up a โ€œtentโ€ for the ืืจื•ืŸ in Jerusalem:

ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืœื• ื‘ืชื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“; ื•ื™ื›ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ ืœื• ืื”ืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื•:ื

it wasnโ€™t a little tent:

camping tent

but a real structure modeled on the ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืฉื™ืœื”:

Mishkan Shiloh

It was meant to be a permanent building, the basis of the future ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.

And David established a service there, led by Asaf and his Levites. In ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื that service is recorded as one long psalm, the ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• that we say as part of ืคืกื•ืงื™ ื“ื–ืžืจื” every morning. That psalm is a digest of three chapters of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื,โ€Ž 105, 96 and 106 (in that order). It is unclear which came first: was the shorter psalm later expanded for inclusion (in three parts) in ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, or was it actually said as three psalms and the author of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื just summarized them? I will assume the latter and look at each psalm separately, and also deal with the question of why they are out of order. 106 clearly follows 105 in context; 96 seems not to fit.

ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื says that ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื” was said in the morning, and ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืฆื• and ืงื• were said in the afternoon (I called that a kind of ืžื ื—ื”/ืžืขืจื™ื‘). Letโ€™s look at the ืฉื—ืจื™ืช service:

ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื•; ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•ืƒ
ื‘ ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื• ื–ืžืจื• ืœื•; ืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื•ืƒ
ื’ ื”ืชื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื•; ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืณืƒ
ื“ ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืณ ื•ืขื–ื•; ื‘ืงืฉื• ืคื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ืƒ
ื” ื–ื›ืจื• ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื”; ืžืคืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืคื™ื•ืƒ
ื• ื–ืจืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื•; ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ื•ืƒ
ื– ื”ื•ื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื•; ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืƒ
ื— ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•; ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื” ืœืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืจืƒ
ื˜ ืืฉืจ ื›ืจืช ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื; ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• ืœื™ืฉื—ืงืƒ
ื™ ื•ื™ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืง; ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœืืƒ
ื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืœืš ืืชืŸ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ; ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื—ืœืชื›ืืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ; ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืƒ
ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ื™; ืžืžืžืœื›ื” ืืœ ืขื ืื—ืจืƒ
ื™ื“ ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืื“ื ืœืขืฉืงื; ื•ื™ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœื›ื™ืืƒ
ื˜ื• ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™; ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืืœ ืชืจืขื•ืƒ
ื˜ื– ื•ื™ืงืจื ืจืขื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื›ืœ ืžื˜ื” ืœื—ื ืฉื‘ืจืƒ
ื™ื– ืฉืœื— ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืฉ; ืœืขื‘ื“ ื ืžื›ืจ ื™ื•ืกืฃืƒ
ื™ื— ืขื ื• ื‘ื›ื‘ืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• (ืจื’ืœื•); ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืื” ื ืคืฉื•ืƒ
ื™ื˜ ืขื“ ืขืช ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืžืจืช ื”ืณ ืฆืจืคืชื”ื•ืƒ
ื› ืฉืœื— ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื”ื•; ืžืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ื•ื™ืคืชื—ื”ื•ืƒ
ื›ื ืฉืžื• ืื“ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•; ื•ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ืงื ื™ื ื•ืƒ
ื›ื‘ ืœืืกืจ ืฉืจื™ื• ื‘ื ืคืฉื•; ื•ื–ืงื ื™ื• ื™ื—ื›ืืƒ
ื›ื’ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ื’ืจ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืืƒ
ื›ื“ ื•ื™ืคืจ ืืช ืขืžื• ืžืื“; ื•ื™ืขืฆืžื”ื• ืžืฆืจื™ื•ืƒ
ื›ื” ื”ืคืš ืœื‘ื ืœืฉื ื ืขืžื•; ืœื”ืชื ื›ืœ ื‘ืขื‘ื“ื™ื•ืƒ
ื›ื• ืฉืœื— ืžืฉื” ืขื‘ื“ื•; ืื”ืจืŸ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื•ืƒ
ื›ื– ืฉืžื• ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืชื•ืชื™ื•; ื•ืžืคืชื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืืƒ
ื›ื— ืฉืœื— ื—ืฉืš ื•ื™ื—ืฉืš; ื•ืœื ืžืจื• ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• (ื“ื‘ืจื•)ืƒ
ื›ื˜ ื”ืคืš ืืช ืžื™ืžื™ื”ื ืœื“ื; ื•ื™ืžืช ืืช ื“ื’ืชืืƒ
ืœ ืฉืจืฅ ืืจืฆื ืฆืคืจื“ืขื™ื; ื‘ื—ื“ืจื™ ืžืœื›ื™ื”ืืƒ
ืœื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื ืขืจื‘; ื›ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืœืืƒ
ืœื‘ ื ืชืŸ ื’ืฉืžื™ื”ื ื‘ืจื“; ืืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆืืƒ
ืœื’ ื•ื™ืš ื’ืคื ื ื•ืชืื ืชื; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืจ ืขืฅ ื’ื‘ื•ืœืืƒ
ืœื“ ืืžืจ ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืจื‘ื”; ื•ื™ืœืง ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืกืคืจืƒ
ืœื” ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฆื; ื•ื™ืื›ืœ ืคืจื™ ืื“ืžืชืืƒ
ืœื• ื•ื™ืš ื›ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื‘ืืจืฆื; ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื›ืœ ืื•ื ืืƒ
ืœื– ื•ื™ื•ืฆื™ืื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘; ื•ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื• ื›ื•ืฉืœืƒ
ืœื— ืฉืžื— ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืืชื; ื›ื™ ื ืคืœ ืคื—ื“ื ืขืœื™ื”ืืƒ
ืœื˜ ืคืจืฉ ืขื ืŸ ืœืžืกืš; ื•ืืฉ ืœื”ืื™ืจ ืœื™ืœื”ืƒ
ืž ืฉืืœ ื•ื™ื‘ื ืฉืœื•; ื•ืœื—ื ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื™ืขืืƒ
ืžื ืคืชื— ืฆื•ืจ ื•ื™ื–ื•ื‘ื• ืžื™ื; ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืช ื ื”ืจืƒ
ืžื‘ ื›ื™ ื–ื›ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื“ืฉื•; ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื•ืƒ
ืžื’ ื•ื™ื•ืฆื ืขืžื• ื‘ืฉืฉื•ืŸ; ื‘ืจื ื” ืืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ื•ืƒ
ืžื“ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื; ื•ืขืžืœ ืœืืžื™ื ื™ื™ืจืฉื•ืƒ
ืžื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื—ืงื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ื• ื™ื ืฆืจื•;
ื”ืœืœื•ื™ึพื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงื”

ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื•

This was a psalm of ื”ื•ื“ืื”, acknowledgment or thanks. Weโ€™ve talked about that, how ื”ื•ื“ืื” canโ€™t just be listened to, it has to be expressed. Such psalms were meant to be responsive, with a ืฉืœื™ื— ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ saying the words and the ืงื”ื™ืœื” reciting the refrain after each verse.

ืฉืืกืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ืขื•ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื•.

ืจืฉืณืณื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื–:ื–, ื“ืดื” ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื“ ืืกืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื•

And this song is meant to inspire us to spread the word of G-dโ€™s great deeds throughout the world (ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•).

ืฉื™ืจื•: ื‘ืคื™ื›ื.

ื–ืžืจื•: ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ืจ.

ืฉื™ื—ื•: ืœืื—ืจื™ื.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื”:ื‘

ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืณ

We are meant to seek out ื”ืณ (and be happy about it). This is part of Davidโ€™s mission: building the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ is a matter of ื“ืจื™ืฉื”;โ€Ž ื”ืณ wonโ€™t just hand it to us:

ื›ื™ ืื ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื›ื ืœืฉื•ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉื ืœืฉื›ื ื• ืชื“ืจืฉื• ื•ื‘ืืช ืฉืžื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื‘:ื”

โ€ื›ื™ ืื ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื›ืโ€œโ€ฆื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ื ื‘ื™ื? ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืœืฉื›ื ื• ืชื“ืจืฉื• ื•ื‘ืืช ืฉืžื”: ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืžืฆื•ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ื ื‘ื™ื.

ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ืคื™ืกืงื ืกื‘

And that ื“ืจื™ืฉื” has been lacking until now:

ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ืคืจืฆื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ืงื‘ืฆื• ืืœื™ื ื•ืƒ ื’ ื•ื ืกื‘ื” ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืืœื™ื ื•; ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ืจืฉื ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื’

ื–ื›ืจื• ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื•

And the specific ืขืœื™ืœื•ืช that David wants to talk about are the stories of the ืื‘ื•ืช. Weโ€™ve seen other ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื (like ืขื—) that deal with history but they go back to Egypt and ื™ืฆื™ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ื. This is the only perek that deals with the prehistory of the Jewish people. I think that David is trying to establish that connection. Heโ€™s trying to create a unified country out of a bunch of Israelite tribes that still donโ€™t think of themselves as one people, and he has to go back to ืื‘ืจื”ื,โ€Ž ื™ืฆื—ืง and ื™ืขืงื‘ to do that. The original ื‘ืจื™ืช was with them, and it lasts to this very day: ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•.

I donโ€™t have a good reason why ื™ืฆื—ืง is spelled ื™ืฉื—ืง here (in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื it is spelled ื™ืฆื—ืง) but Artscroll brings a โ€œcuteโ€ gematria: the difference between ื™ืฉื—ืง and ื™ืฆื—ืง is 210 (ืฉ is 300; ืฆ is 90). Thereโ€™s a hint to the 210 years of servitude that the fulfillment of the ื‘ืจื™ืช was delayed, but it is still a reason for rejoicing (ื™ืฉื—ืง) because it could have been much longer:

ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืื‘ืจื ื™ื“ืข ืชื“ืข ื›ื™ ื’ืจ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ืจืขืš ื‘ืืจืฅ ืœื ืœื”ื ื•ืขื‘ื“ื•ื ื•ืขื ื• ืืชื ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”ืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื’ื ืืช ื”ื’ื•ื™ ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื“ืŸ ืื ื›ื™; ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืื• ื‘ืจื›ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืื“ื ืœืขืฉืงื

ืกืคืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช is full of the stories of the ืื‘ื•ืช being saved from foreign leaders. David specifically refers to the story of Avraham and Avimelech:

ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ื—ืœื ื’ื ืื ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื ืœื‘ื‘ืš ืขืฉื™ืช ื–ืืช ื•ืื—ืฉืš ื’ื ืื ื›ื™ ืื•ืชืš ืžื—ื˜ื• ืœื™; ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื ืชืชื™ืš ืœื ื’ืข ืืœื™ื”ืƒ ื– ื•ืขืชื” ื”ืฉื‘ ืืฉืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื›ื™ ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื•ื™ืชืคืœืœ ื‘ืขื“ืš ื•ื—ื™ื”; ื•ืื ืื™ื ืš ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื“ืข ื›ื™ ืžื•ืช ืชืžื•ืช ืืชื” ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืšืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื›

And this pasuk has echoes today:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื–) ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืืœ ืชืจืขื•? โ€ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™โ€œ ืืœื• ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ. โ€ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืืœ ืชืจืขื•โ€œ ืืœื• ืชืดื—. ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื ืฉื™ืื”: ืื™ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืชืงื™ื™ื ืืœื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ. ืืดืœ ืจื‘ ืคืคื ืœืื‘ื™ื™: ื“ื™ื“ื™ ื•ื“ื™ื“ืš ืžืื™? ืืดืœ: ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ื”ื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื ืœื”ื‘ืœ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ื—ื˜ื. ื•ืืžืจ ืจื™ืฉ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืžืฉื•ื ืจืดื™ ื ืฉื™ืื”: ืื™ืŸ ืžื‘ื˜ืœื™ืŸ ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ืืคื™ืณ ืœื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. ื•ืืžืจ ืจืดืœ ืœืจืดื™ ื ืฉื™ืื”: ื›ืš ืžืงื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ืžืื‘ื•ืชื™ืš; ื›ืœ ืขื™ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื‘ื” ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ืžื—ืจื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื”.

ืฉื‘ืช ืงื™ื˜,ื‘

ืฉืœื— ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืฉ

From this point on is left out of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. It leaves the story incomplete, which bolsters my argument that ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื is a summary of the actual ืฉื™ืจื”.

Then David moves to the story of Joseph, emphasizing that it was all part of ื”ืณโ€˜s plan. The tragedy of his slavery, even โ€œimpisoning his soulโ€ (ื‘ืจื–ืœ ื‘ืื” ื ืคืฉื•), was ื”ืณโ€™s doing: ืฉืœื— ืœืคื ื™ื”ื ืื™ืฉโ€Žโ€ฆืขื“ ืขืช ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจื•.

ืฉืœื— ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื”ื• is intentionally ambiguous:

ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ืืžืจ ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงืžื•) ื”ืณ ืžืชื™ืจ ืืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื”ื›ื ื›ืชื™ื‘ ืฉืœื— ืžืœืš ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื”ื•โ€ฆืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ื•ื™ืคืชื—ื”ื•. ืืœื ืฉืœื— ืžืœืš ื“ื ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื, ืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ื ื“ื ืงื•ื“ืฉื ื‘ืจื™ืš ื”ื•ื .

ื–ื•ื”ืจ ื›ืจืš ื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช) ืคืจืฉืช ืžืงืฅ [ื“ืฃ ืงืฆื’ ืขืžื•ื“ ื]

ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš โ€ืฉืœื— ืžืœืšโ€œ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื ืงืจื ืžืœืš ื‘ืจืืฉ ื”ืฉื ื” ื›ื™ ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื”ื•, ื•ืื– โ€ืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืžื™ืโ€œ ื”ื•ื ืคืจืขื” ื•ื™ืคืชื—ื”ื•, ืฉืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืชื—ืช ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื•ื”ืจ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื›ืŸ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื“ื•ื ืชื•, ืืš ืžื”ืณ ื™ืฆื ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื™ ื™ืฆื ื–ื›ืื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžืขืœื”.

ืืœืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืงื”:ื›

ื•ื™ื‘ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆืจื™ื

Then he gets into more familiar territory, the cycle of Jewish history. Weโ€™re successful, we forget G-d, we are punished, we repent and are saved.

ื” ื•ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืืžืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ืืจืžื™ ืื‘ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื•ื™ืจื“ ืžืฆืจื™ืžื” ื•ื™ื’ืจ ืฉื ื‘ืžืชื™ ืžืขื˜; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืฉื ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขืฆื•ื ื•ืจื‘ืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืจืขื• ืืชื ื• ื”ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืขื ื•ื ื•; ื•ื™ืชื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืขื‘ื“ื” ืงืฉื”ืƒ ื– ื•ื ืฆืขืง ืืœ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ืชื™ื ื•; ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื”ืณ ืืช ืงืœื ื• ื•ื™ืจื ืืช ืขื ื™ื ื• ื•ืืช ืขืžืœื ื• ื•ืืช ืœื—ืฆื ื•ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ื•ืฆืื ื• ื”ืณ ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื—ื–ืงื” ื•ื‘ื–ืจืข ื ื˜ื•ื™ื” ื•ื‘ืžืจื ื’ื“ืœ ื•ื‘ืืชื•ืช ื•ื‘ืžืคืชื™ืืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ื‘ืื ื• ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”; ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื–ืืช ืืจืฅ ื–ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื•

ืฉืžื• ื‘ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืชื•ืชื™ื•

He skips the years of servitude to come back to G-dโ€™s greatness (he is emphasizing ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื•, after all) and recounts the plagues. Malbim says ืœื ืžืจื• refers to the plagues; ื”ืณ demonstrated His control of nature when the elements obeyed Hi will:

ืœื ืžืจื•: ืžื•ืกื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ื•ื”ืžื•ืคืชื™ื ืฉืขืฉื• ืฉืœื™ื—ื•ืชื.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ืžื™ืœื•ืช, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื”:ื›ื—

As in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืขื—, I donโ€™t know why the order is off. He skips ื“ื‘ืจ and ืฉื—ื™ืŸ:

ืฉืœื— ื—ืฉืš ื•ื™ื—ืฉื™ืš ื•ื›ื•ืณ: ื”ื ื” ืœึฐืžึทื” ืฉืื™ื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืฉื—ื™ืŸ, ื”ื ื” ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื‘ืื•ืžืจื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• (ืคืกื•ืง ื), ื•ืขื•ื“ื ืžื’ื™ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ืœ ื™ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืข ื•ื™ื“ืขื• ืงืฆืช ื’ื“ื•ืœืชื•, ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ึถื‘ึถืจ ืฉื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื“ืจืš ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื”, ื•ืžื™ ื™ื’ื™ื“ ืœืžื• ื›ื™ ืžืžืงื ื” ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ืžืช ืื—ื“, ื•ื’ื ื”ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืคื•ืจืกื ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช, ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื˜ื.

ืืœืฉื™ืš ืขืœ ืชื”ืœื™ื, ืงื”:ื›ื—

Similarly, Ibn Ezra points out that those two did not impress Pharaoh:

ื•ืœื ื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื”ืฉื—ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ืœื ื‘ืงืฉ ืคืจืขื” ืžืžืฉื” ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ื”ืžื›ื”.

ืื‘ืŸ ืขื–ืจื ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงื” ืคืกื•ืง ืœื‘

ืฉืžื— ืžืฆืจื™ื ื‘ืฆืืชื

And when they leave ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื–ื”ื‘, the Egyptians are happy to see them go. ื›ื™ ื ืคืœ ืคื—ื“ื ืขืœื™ื”ื may mean simply that the Egyptians were so scared of the Jews that they just wanted them out of the country, but I think it represents something more profound:

ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขืฉื• ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”; ื•ื™ืฉืืœื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉืžืœืชืƒ ืœื• ื•ื”ืณ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ื—ืŸ ื”ืขื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉืืœื•ื; ื•ื™ื ืฆืœื• ืืช ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

Benno Jacob translates ื•ื™ื ืฆืœื• as โ€œsavedโ€, not โ€œplunderedโ€:

Kn. and Di. interpretation โ€œthey pulled the Egyptians out, i.e., they looted the objects which they demandedโ€, represents a Germanization (entzogen), for only in that language is it possible to equate โ€œpull outโ€ with โ€œplunderโ€: this has no relationship to our Hebrew text. Even if we assumed they โ€œrescuedโ€ objects which were legitimately theirs, they should have been the object, not mitz-ra-yim.

We can only translate this phrase as โ€œand they saved Egyptโ€. This does not refer to the Egyptian fear of death (our statement follows the last plague), nor was it concerned with the earlier plagues, which they deserved as they had not helped the Israelites. Rather they were saved from the future destructive hate of G-d and any final vengeance. [emphasis mine]

Benno Jacob, The Second Book of the Bible: Exodus, 12:35-36

The key to understanding ื•ื™ืฉืืœื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื›ืœื™ ื›ืกืฃ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ืฉืžืœืช is that these โ€œgiftsโ€ are reparations. They allow ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ to leave Egypt without hating the Egyptians, without always looking for revenge. Rabbi Sacks connects this to a mitzvah in Ki Tetse:

ืœื ืชืชืขื‘ ืื“ืžื™ ื›ื™ ืื—ื™ืš ื”ื•ื; ืœื ืชืชืขื‘ ืžืฆืจื™ ื›ื™ ื’ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื’:ื—

Now, forty years later, Moses speaks as if none of this had happened, as if the Israelites owed the Egyptians a debt of gratitude for their hospitality. Yet he and the people were where they were only because they were escaping from Egyptian persecution. Nor did he want the people to forget it. To the contrary, he told them to recite the story of the exodus every year, as we still do on Passover, re-enacting it with bitter herbs and unleavened bread so that the memory would be passed on to all future generations. If you want to preserve freedom, he implies, never forget what it feels like to lose it. Yet here, on the banks of the Jordan, addressing the next generation, he tells the people, โ€œDo not hate an Egyptianโ€. What is going on in this verse?

To be free, you have to let go of hate. That is what Moses is saying. If they continued to hate their erstwhile enemies, Moses would have taken the Israelites out of Egypt, but he would not have taken Egypt out of the Israelites. Mentally, they would still be there, slaves to the past. They would still be in chains, not of metal but of the mindโ€”and chains of the mind are the most constricting of all.

Rabbi Jonathan Sacks, Ki Tetse (5772)โ€”Letting Go of Hate

ืคืจืฉ ืขื ืŸ ืœืžืกืš

David summarizes the way ื”ืณ protected the Jews in the wilderness. Notably, this psalm is all positive; thereโ€™s no mention of rebellions and all the sins of the Jews in those years. Thatโ€™s an important contrast to ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื• that follows. This is the happy morning prayer, but it still comes with a message: ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืืจืฆื•ืช ื’ื•ื™ื; ื•ืขืžืœ ืœืืžื™ื ื™ื™ืจืฉื•ืƒ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืžืจื• ื—ืงื™ื• ื•ืชื•ืจืชื™ื• ื™ื ืฆืจื•. Itโ€™s the same message that Moshe gave the Jews 400 years earlier:

ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืฉื‘ืข ืœืื‘ืชื™ืš ืœืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืชืช ืœืš; ืขืจื™ื ื’ื“ืœืช ื•ื˜ื‘ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ื‘ื ื™ืชืƒ ื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื™ื ืžืœืื™ื ื›ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืžืœืืช ื•ื‘ืจืช ื—ืฆื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืฆื‘ืช ื›ืจืžื™ื ื•ื–ื™ืชื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื ื˜ืขืช; ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืชืƒ ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืจ ืœืš ืคืŸ ืชืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ืฆื™ืืš ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ืืƒ ื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ืชื™ืจื ื•ืืชื• ืชืขื‘ื“; ื•ื‘ืฉืžื• ืชืฉื‘ืขืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื•

It is Davidโ€™s hope that the nation he is creating out of ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ will be worthy of being the one foretold in the ื‘ืจื™ืช of ืื‘ืจื”ื,โ€Žโ€Ž ื™ืฆื—ืง and ื™ืขืงื‘.