ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Browsing History

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Last time, we looked at the first half of Davidโ€™s psalm (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื”) for the inauguration of the service at the ืืจื•ืŸ in Jerusalem. Now I want to look at the last half. Iโ€™m going to skip the middle part (ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื”ืณ ืฉื™ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ) until next time, for reasons that should be clear then.

The Seder Olam says that the first half was said in the morning and the second half (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•) in the evening, which brings up an important distiction between the two services:

ื‘ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืณ; ื•ืœื–ืžืจ ืœืฉืžืš ืขืœื™ื•ืŸืƒ ื’ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื—ืกื“ืš; ื•ืืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืชืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืฆื‘

Rashi on Tehillim treats ื‘ืงืจ and ืœื™ืœื” as metaphoric:

ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื—ืกื“ืš: ื‘ืขืช ื”ื’ืื•ืœื”.

ื•ืืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช: ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฆืจืช ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืš ืฉืชืฉืžื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชืš ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื‘:ื’

But the gemara takes it more literally:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ื—ื™ื ื ื ืกื‘ื ืžืฉืžื™ื” ื“ืจื‘ ื›ืœ ืฉืœื ืืžืจ ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื—ืจื™ืช ื•ืืžืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืขืจื‘ื™ืช ืœื ื™ืฆื ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืฆื‘:ื’) ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื—ืกื“ืš ื•ืืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื™ื‘,ื

And Rashi connects it back to the metaphor: night is a time of darkness, when we do not see the hand of ื”ืณ, and we cannot honestly thank Him for His goodness if we do not see it. We have to rely on our faith in the future:

ื‘ืจื›ืช ืืžืช ื•ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื›ื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื—ืกื“ ืฉืขืฉื” ืขื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื, ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืงืข ืœื”ื ื”ื™ื ื•ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื, ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช ืืžืช ื•ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ื•ืช, ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืคื™ื ืฉื™ืงื™ื™ื ืœื ื• ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ืชื• ื•ืืžื•ื ืชื• ืœื’ืืœื ื•.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

But the word ืืžื•ื ื” has another implication: the darkness of night is a time of ื“ื™ืŸ rather than ื—ืกื“. G-d is hidden because we deserve it:

ื ื— ืื ืœื ืชืฉืžืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”; ืœื™ืจืื” ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ื ื›ื‘ื“ ื•ื”ื ื•ืจื ื”ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืšืƒ ื ื˜ ื•ื”ืคืœื ื”ืณ ืืช ืžื›ืชืš ื•ืืช ืžื›ื•ืช ื–ืจืขืš; ืžื›ื•ืช ื’ื“ืœืช ื•ื ืืžื ื•ืช ื•ื—ืœื™ื ืจืขื™ื ื•ื ืืžื ื™ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื—

ืืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช refers both to our belief in ื”ืณ's faithfulness in fulfilling His promises to redeem us, and in His faithfulness in providing the consequences for our misdeeds.

Throughout ืžืกื›ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, โ€Ž ื—ื–ืดืœ derive the laws of prayer from ืกืคืจ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื. This is because ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื was the siddur of the ืžืงื“ืฉ. The principles that guided David in writing ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื are the same principles that guide our ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช today, so it is often enlightening to read ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื in the context of those laws.

Our perek, ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•, reflects ืืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช.

This psalm is both a ื”ื•ื“ื• and a ื”ืœืœื•ื™ึพื”, not as much of a joyous, โ€œeveryone join inโ€ song as the last perek. But those with the wisdom to see it can answer ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ even on G-dโ€™s judgment.

ื ื”ืœืœื•ื™ึพื”;
ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•ืƒ
ื‘ ืžื™ ื™ืžืœืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืณ; ื™ืฉืžื™ืข ื›ืœ ืชื”ืœืชื•ืƒ
ื’ ืืฉืจื™ ืฉืžืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜; ืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืชืƒ
ื“ ื–ื›ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืžืš; ืคืงื“ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืšืƒ
ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื— ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื’ื•ื™ืš;
ืœื”ืชื”ืœืœ ืขื ื ื—ืœืชืšืƒ
ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื• ืขื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•; ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื• ื”ืจืฉืขื ื•ืƒ
ื– ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื• ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ืš
ืœื ื–ื›ืจื• ืืช ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ื™ืš;
ื•ื™ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃืƒ
ื— ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื™ืข ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืจืชื•ืƒ
ื˜ ื•ื™ื’ืขืจ ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ื™ื—ืจื‘; ื•ื™ื•ืœื™ื›ื ื‘ืชื”ืžื•ืช ื›ืžื“ื‘ืจืƒ
ื™ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื™ืขื ืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื ื; ื•ื™ื’ืืœื ืžื™ื“ ืื•ื™ื‘ืƒ
ื™ื ื•ื™ื›ืกื• ืžื™ื ืฆืจื™ื”ื; ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืœื ื ื•ืชืจืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•; ื™ืฉื™ืจื• ืชื”ืœืชื•ืƒ
ื™ื’ ืžื”ืจื• ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื•; ืœื ื—ื›ื• ืœืขืฆืชื•ืƒ
ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืชืื•ื• ืชืื•ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ; ื•ื™ื ืกื• ืึพืœ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ืžื•ืŸืƒ
ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉืืœืชื; ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืจื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉืืƒ
ื˜ื– ื•ื™ืงื ืื• ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืžื—ื ื”; ืœืื”ืจืŸ ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ืณืƒ
ื™ื– ืชืคืชื— ืืจืฅ ื•ืชื‘ืœืข ื“ืชืŸ; ื•ืชื›ืก ืขืœ ืขื“ืช ืื‘ื™ืจืืƒ
ื™ื— ื•ืชื‘ืขืจ ืืฉ ื‘ืขื“ืชื; ืœื”ื‘ื” ืชืœื”ื˜ ืจืฉืขื™ืืƒ
ื™ื˜ ื™ืขืฉื• ืขื’ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื‘; ื•ื™ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœืžืกื›ื”ืƒ
ื› ื•ื™ืžื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื; ื‘ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื•ืจ ืื›ืœ ืขืฉื‘ืƒ
ื›ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืœ ืžื•ืฉื™ืขื ืขืฉื” ื’ื“ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ
ื›ื‘ ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ื; ื ื•ืจืื•ืช ืขืœ ื™ื ืกื•ืฃืƒ
ื›ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื;
ืœื•ืœื™ ืžืฉื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื• ืขืžื“ ื‘ืคืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื•;
ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื—ืžืชื• ืžื”ืฉื—ื™ืชืƒ
ื›ื“ ื•ื™ืžืืกื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”; ืœื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ืœื“ื‘ืจื•ืƒ
ื›ื” ื•ื™ืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืื”ืœื™ื”ื; ืœื ืฉืžืขื• ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณืƒ
ื›ื• ื•ื™ืฉื ื™ื“ื• ืœื”ื ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ืื•ืชื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจืƒ
ื›ื– ื•ืœื”ืคื™ืœ ื–ืจืขื ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื; ื•ืœื–ืจื•ืชื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืชืƒ
ื›ื— ื•ื™ืฆืžื“ื• ืœื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืจ; ื•ื™ืื›ืœื• ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืžืชื™ืืƒ
ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ื›ืขื™ืกื• ื‘ืžืขืœืœื™ื”ื; ื•ืชืคืจืฅ ื‘ื ืžื’ืคื”ืƒ
ืœ ื•ื™ืขืžื“ ืคื™ื ื—ืก ื•ื™ืคืœืœ; ื•ืชืขืฆืจ ื”ืžื’ืคื”ืƒ
ืœื ื•ืชื—ืฉื‘ ืœื• ืœืฆื“ืงื”; ืœื“ืจ ื•ื“ืจ ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ
ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืงืฆื™ืคื• ืขืœ ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื”; ื•ื™ืจืข ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจืืƒ
ืœื’ ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•; ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื•ืƒ
ืœื“ ืœื ื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืœื”ืืƒ
ืœื” ื•ื™ืชืขืจื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื; ื•ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืžืขืฉื™ื”ืืƒ
ืœื• ื•ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื ืœืžื•ืงืฉืƒ
ืœื– ื•ื™ื–ื‘ื—ื• ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœืฉื“ื™ืืƒ
ืœื— ื•ื™ืฉืคื›ื• ื“ื ื ืงื™ ื“ื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื–ื‘ื—ื• ืœืขืฆื‘ื™ ื›ื ืขืŸ;
ื•ืชื—ื ืฃ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ื“ืžื™ืืƒ
ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื˜ืžืื• ื‘ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ื–ื ื• ื‘ืžืขืœืœื™ื”ืืƒ
ืž ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ืขืžื•; ื•ื™ืชืขื‘ ืืช ื ื—ืœืชื•ืƒ
ืžื ื•ื™ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื•ื™ื; ื•ื™ืžืฉืœื• ื‘ื”ื ืฉื ืื™ื”ืืƒ
ืžื‘ ื•ื™ืœื—ืฆื•ื ืื•ื™ื‘ื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ื›ื ืขื• ืชื—ืช ื™ื“ืืƒ
ืžื’ ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืœื;
ื•ื”ืžื” ื™ืžืจื• ื‘ืขืฆืชื; ื•ื™ืžื›ื• ื‘ืขื•ื ืืƒ
ืžื“ ื•ื™ืจื ื‘ืฆืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ืจื ืชืืƒ
ืžื” ื•ื™ื–ื›ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•; ื•ื™ื ื—ื ื›ืจื‘ ื—ืกื“ื•ืƒ
ืžื• ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืจื—ืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื”ืืƒ
ืžื– ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื• ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื•ืงื‘ืฆื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื;
ืœื”ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉื ืงื“ืฉืš; ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ื— ื‘ืชื”ืœืชืšืƒ
ืžื— ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื
ื•ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืžืŸ;
ื”ืœืœื•ื™ึพื”ืƒ

ืชื”ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงื•

ืžื™ ื™ืžืœืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืณ

Of all the praises of ื”ืณ in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื,โ€Ž ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” is one of the least common. I counted 11 times in the whole book. I donโ€™t want to get too mystical, but we have a concept of โ€œืกืคื™ืจื•ืชโ€: G-d may be unitary, but human beings need to classify and organize the world they observe, so we have these categories of Divine Providence:

โ€ฆื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจืžื—ืดืœ ื‘ืกืคืจื• ื”ืขืžื•ืง โ€ืงืœืดื— ืคืชื—ื™ ื—ื›ืžื”โ€œโ€ฆ(ืคืชื— ื–ืณ):

โ€ฆื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืืžืช ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื›ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ื ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืคื•ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ืœื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸโ€ฆ

ื–ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ:

ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ื™ืชื‘ืจืš ื”ื ืจืื•ืช ืœื ื• ืœืคื™ ืขืจื›ื ื•โ€ฆ

ืžื›ืชื‘ ืžืืœื™ื”ื• ื›ืจืš ืืณ, ืขื•ืœืžื•ืช ื“ืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื•ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืคืดื“: ื”ื™ื—ืกื•ืช ื•ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืขืžืณ ืฉื™ื‘

And the names for the โ€œlower sevenโ€ of these come from Davidโ€™s prayer when he dedicates the plans for the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ:

ื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืณ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ ื™ื ืœืš ื”ืณ ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคืืจืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ; ืœืš ื”ืณ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ืœื›ืœ ืœืจืืฉืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื˜

Now, Iโ€™m not sure that when David wrote ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื, he had the elaborate system of ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช and forces in mind. I donโ€™t think it was as precise and organized as that. But the words he used had meaning, and I think they reflect the concepts that would later crystallize into more modern Kabbalah.

ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” is the representation of G-d'ื“ judgement, of dividing and limiting the world:

ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”: ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ืžื ื•ื’ื“ืช ืœื—ืกื“. ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ืžืฆืžืฆืช ืืช ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื”ื”ืืจื•ืช ืืš ื•ืจืง ืœืžื™ ืฉืจืื•ื™ ืœื” ื•ืขืœ ืคื™ ืžืขืฉื™ ื”ืื“ืโ€ฆืœื›ืŸ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ืงืจืืช ื’ื โ€ื“ื™ืŸโ€œ ื•โ€ืคื—ื“โ€œ.

ื•ื™ืงื™ืฉื™ื‘ื”, ืขืฉืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืจื•ืช

ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืณ here is what we talked about above, ื”'s ืืžื•ื ื”, His ื“ื™ืŸ. Thatโ€™s what this perek is all about.

As a side point, the language of ืžื™ ื™ืžืœืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืณ would later be turned into a praise of Israel, of human heroism:

ืžื™ ื™ืžืœืœ ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ,
ืื•ืชืŸ ืžื™ ื™ืžื ื”?
ื”ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืงื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ
ื’ื•ืืœ ื”ืขื.

ืžื ืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื (1968), ืžื™ ื™ืžืœืœ

Whether itโ€™s appropriate to sing this song or not, I will leave to our ืžืจื ื“ืืชืจื.

ื–ื›ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืขืžืš

Before he gets into the history, recounting the ื’ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืณ, David makes this personal. He goes from the plural, ืฉืžืจื™ ืžืฉืคื˜, to the singular, ืขืฉื” ืฆื“ืงื”, to the first person, ื–ื›ืจื ื™ ื”ืณ. This is part of the expression of ืืžื•ื ืชืš ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช, his faith and hope in the future, that he will be part of the national salvation, ืœืฉืžื— ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื’ื•ื™ืš.

But first, things get ugly.

ื—ื˜ืื ื• ืขื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•

David will go through all the thing ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ did wrong in history (mostly in the wilderness). But he phrases it as a confession of his own generationโ€™s sins. This is the basis of our ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ (note the expression ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื• ื•ื”ืจืฉืขื ื•):

ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ื•ืืœื•ืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืชื‘ื•ื ืœืคื ื™ืš ืชืคื™ืœืชื ื• ื•ืืœ ืชืชืขืœื ืžืชื—ื™ื ืชื ื•. ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื ื• ืขื–ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื•ืงืฉื™ ืขื•ืจืฃ ืœืืžืจ ืœืคื ื™ืš: ื”ืณ ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื• ื•ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืœื ื—ื˜ืื ื•; ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื•.

ืืฉืžื ื•. ื‘ื’ื“ื ื•. ื’ื–ืœื ื•. ื“ื™ื‘ืจื ื• ื“ื•ืคื™. ื”ืขื•ื™ื ื•. ื•ื”ืจืฉืขื ื•. ื–ื“ื ื•. ื—ืžืกื ื•. ื˜ืคืœื ื• ืฉืงืจ. ื™ืขืฆื ื• ืจืข. ื›ื™ื–ื‘ื ื•. ืœืฆื ื•. ืžืจื“ื ื•. ื ื™ืืฆื ื•. ืกืจืจื ื•. ืขื•ื•ื™ื ื•. ืคืฉืขื ื•. ืฆืจืจื ื•. ืงื™ืฉื™ื ื• ืขื•ืจืฃ. ืจืฉืขื ื•. ืฉื™ื—ืชื ื•. ืชื™ืขื‘ื ื•. ืชืขื™ื ื•. ืชืขืชืขื ื•.

ื ื•ืกื— ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ

Why do we say ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื•? What do our ancestors have to do with our confession? The phrase ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• is not part of the original ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™:

ืืžืจ ื‘ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ื“ื™: ื”ื•ื” ืงืื™ืžื ื ืงืžื™ื” ื“ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื•ื”ื•ื” ื™ืชื™ื‘. ื•ื›ื™ ืžื˜ื ืฉืœื™ื—ื ื“ืฆื‘ื•ืจื ื•ืืžืจ โ€ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื•โ€œ, ืงื ืžื™ืงื. ืืžืจ ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื” ืขื™ืงืจ ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™.

ื™ื•ืžื ืคื–,ื‘

It reflects the end of the ืชื•ื›ื—ื”, when ื”ืณ promises to finally bring us back from ื’ืœื•ืช:

ืœื— ื•ืื‘ื“ืชื ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื; ื•ืื›ืœื” ืืชื›ื ืืจืฅ ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ืืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ื ื™ืžืงื• ื‘ืขื•ื ื ื‘ืืจืฆืช ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ื; ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืขื•ื ืช ืื‘ืชื ืืชื ื™ืžืงื•ืƒ ืž ื•ื”ืชื•ื“ื• ืืช ืขื•ื ื ื•ืืช ืขื•ืŸ ืื‘ืชื ื‘ืžืขืœื ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœื• ื‘ื™ ื•ืืฃ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ื• ืขืžื™ ื‘ืงืจื™ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืง ื›ื•

Our national ื•ื™ื“ื•ื™ is not complete unless we confess our ancestors sins. Rav Adin Steinsaltz has an intriguing answer:

ืื‘ืœ ื–ื”ื• [ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืคืจื˜ื™ื™ื] ืจืง ื—ืœืง ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช. ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืกื•ื’ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืื•ืชืŸ ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœื ื›ืขื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื™, ืืœื ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื›ืš ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™.

ื”ืจื‘ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืื‘ืŸ-ื™ืฉืจืืœ (ืฉื˜ื™ื™ื ื–ืœืฅ), โ€ืื ื—ื ื• ื•ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื—ื˜ืื ื•โ€œโ€”ืœืžื” ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื˜ืื™ื ืฉืœื ื•?

ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ื”ืฉื›ื™ืœื•

Before he gets to the well-known stories of Israelโ€™s sins in the wilderness, David mentions that they went wrong even in Egypt. Thatโ€™s not obvious from the Torah, but it is mentioned in ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ and hinted at in other places:

ื” ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื ื›ื” ืืžืจ ืึพื“ื ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืฉื ื™ื“ื™ ืœื–ืจืข ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ืื•ื“ืข ืœื”ื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื; ื•ืืฉื ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืœืืžืจ ืื ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ืืƒ ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืืชื™ ื™ื“ื™ ืœื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื; ืืœ ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ืชืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ื–ื‘ืช ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฆื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฆื•ืชืƒ ื– ื•ืืžืจ ืืœื”ื ืื™ืฉ ืฉืงื•ืฆื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœ ืชื˜ืžืื•; ืื ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ื›ืืƒ ื— ื•ื™ืžืจื• ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื• ืœืฉืžืข ืืœื™ ืื™ืฉ ืืช ืฉืงื•ืฆื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื•ืืช ื’ืœื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื ืขื–ื‘ื•; ื•ืืžืจ ืœืฉืคืš ื—ืžืชื™ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื›ืœื•ืช ืืคื™ ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ ื˜ ื•ืืขืฉ ืœืžืขืŸ ืฉืžื™ ืœื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื—ืœ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ืืฉืจ ื ื•ื“ืขืชื™ ืืœื™ื”ื ืœืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ

ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ืคืจืง ื›

ื›ื– ื•ื™ื‘ื ืื™ืฉ ืืœื”ื™ื ืืœ ืขืœื™; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื ื’ืœื™ืชื™ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคืจืขื”ืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื‘ื—ืจ ืืชื• ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื™ ืœื›ื”ืŸ ืœืขืœื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืœื”ืงื˜ื™ืจ ืงื˜ืจืช ืœืฉืืช ืืคื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™; ื•ืืชื ื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื‘

ื”ื ื’ืœื” ื ื’ืœื™ืชื™ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ืš: ืžื›ืืŸ ืฉื ืชื ื‘ื ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื, ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื™ื—ื–ืงืืœ ื›) ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืื™ืฉ ืฉืงื•ืฆื™ ืขื™ื ื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ื•ื‘ื’ืœื•ืœื™ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืืœ ืชื˜ืžืื•.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื‘:ื›ื–

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืึพื“ื ื™; ืฉืœื— ื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ืชืฉืœื—ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ื“:ื™ื’

ื‘ื™ื“ ืชืฉืœื—: ื‘ื™ื“ ืžื™ ืฉืืชื” ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœืฉืœื•ื—, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื”ืจืŸ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

ื•ื™ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ

Then he lists six sins in the desert, but they are not in exact chronological order. Itโ€™s not clear what the order is meant to represent. Rav Hirsch classifies the first three as deficiencies of character, based on the Mishna:

ืจื‘ื™ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ืงืคืจ ืื•ืžืจ: ื”ืงื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžื•ืฆื™ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืื“ื ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.

ืžืฉื ื” ืื‘ื•ืช ื“:ื›ื

I would understand the rebellion at ื™ื ืกื•ืฃ as a problem of ื›ื‘ื•ื“, of thinking so much of themselves that they could not imagine that if they couldnโ€™t see a way out of danger, then ื”ืณ could not:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื: ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื•ืจ ืžืงื˜ื ื™ ืืžื ื” ื”ื™ื•. ื•ื›ื“ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื” ื‘ืจ ืžืจื™: ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื•) โ€ื•ื™ืžืจื• ืขืœ ื™ื ื‘ื™ื ืกื•ืฃโ€œ? ืžืœืžื“ ืฉื”ืžืจื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืฉืขื” ื•ืืžืจื• ื›ืฉื ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืœื™ืŸ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื›ืš ืžืฆืจื™ื™ื ืขื•ืœื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ืจ ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืฉืจ ืฉืœ ื™ื: ืคืœื•ื˜ ืื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ื‘ืฉื”.

ืคืกื—ื™ื ืงื™ื—,ื‘

Itโ€™s also our first introduction to Jewish sarcasm:

ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ืžื‘ืœื™ ืื™ืŸ ืงื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืงื—ืชื ื• ืœืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ; ืžื” ื–ืืช ืขืฉื™ืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืžืฆืจื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ื“:ื™ื

ืชืื•ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ

Then ืชืื•ื” and the ืžื™ื“ื” ื›ื ื’ื“ ืžื™ื“ื” of ODโ€™ing on quail:

ื“ ื•ื”ืืกืคืกืฃ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื”ืชืื•ื• ืชืื•ื”; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื›ื• ื’ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืžื™ ื™ืื›ืœื ื• ื‘ืฉืจืƒ ื” ื–ื›ืจื ื• ืืช ื”ื“ื’ื” ืืฉืจ ื ืื›ืœ ื‘ืžืฆืจื™ื ื—ื ื; ืืช ื”ืงืฉืื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืฆื™ืจ ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืฆืœื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืžื™ืืƒ โ€ฆืœื ื•ืจื•ื— ื ืกืข ืžืืช ื”ืณ ื•ื™ื’ื– ืฉืœื•ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื ื•ื™ื˜ืฉ ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื›ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ื ื›ื” ื•ื›ื“ืจืš ื™ื•ื ื›ื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื•ื›ืืžืชื™ื ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืงื ื”ืขื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื—ืจืช ื•ื™ืืกืคื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื• ื”ืžืžืขื™ื˜ ืืกืฃ ืขืฉืจื” ื—ืžืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืฉื˜ื—ื• ืœื”ื ืฉื˜ื•ื— ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื—ื ื”ืƒ ืœื’ ื”ื‘ืฉืจ ืขื•ื“ื ื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื˜ืจื ื™ื›ืจืช; ื•ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื—ืจื” ื‘ืขื ื•ื™ืš ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื ืžื›ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ืƒ ืœื“ ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืงื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ื”; ื›ื™ ืฉื ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ืžืชืื•ื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื™ื

ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืฉืืœืชื ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืจื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืคืฉื: ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ, ืžื•ึนืช ื”ืžืชืื•ื™ื. ื•ืืžืจ ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื–ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื™ ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœื”ืฉื‚ื‘ื™ืข ื ืคืฉื ื”ึทืžึผึดืชึฐืึทื•ึผึธื” ื•ืœื”ืฉืืžื™ื ื”ึผ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคืš.

ืจื“ืดืง ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื•:ื˜ื•

ื•ื™ืงื ืื• ืœืžืฉื”

And ืงื ืื”, in the rebellion of ืงืจื—:

ื ื•ื™ืงื— ืงืจื— ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฆื”ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืงื”ืช ื‘ืŸ ืœื•ื™; ื•ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื™ืื‘ ื•ืื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืคืœืช ื‘ื ื™ ืจืื•ื‘ืŸืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืžื• ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื ืฉื™ืื™ ืขื“ื” ืงืจืื™ ืžื•ืขื“ ืื ืฉื™ ืฉืืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื”ื ืจื‘ ืœื›ื ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื“ื” ื›ืœื ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื•ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื”ืณ; ื•ืžื“ื•ืข ืชืชื ืฉืื• ืขืœ ืงื”ืœ ื”ืณืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

Notably, David does not mention ืงืจื— by name. Rashi hypothesizes that he wanted to spare the feelings of ืื™ืชืŸ and his fellow Levites, who were descended from ืงืจื—:

ืชืคืชื— ืืจืฅ ื•ื’ื•ืณ: ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ืœืง ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืžืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ืื‘ื™ื”ื ืชืœื” ื”ืงืœืงืœื” ื‘ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื•:ื™ื–

ื˜ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืืœื™ืื‘ ื ืžื•ืืœ ื•ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื; ื”ื•ื ื“ืชืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ืจื ืงืจื•ืื™ (ืงืจื™ืื™) ื”ืขื“ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืขืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื‘ืขื“ืช ืงืจื— ื‘ื”ืฆืชื ืขืœ ื”ืณืƒ ื™ ื•ืชืคืชื— ื”ืืจืฅ ืืช ืคื™ื” ื•ืชื‘ืœืข ืืชื ื•ืืช ืงืจื— ื‘ืžื•ืช ื”ืขื“ื”; ื‘ืื›ืœ ื”ืืฉ ืืช ื—ืžืฉื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืœื ืกืƒ ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืงืจื— ืœื ืžืชื•ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื›ื•

The next three are the big ones. In each case, ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืืจืœ were in danger of being wiped out entirely, only to be saved by Moshe (or, in the last, by Pinchas).

ื™ืขืฉื• ืขื’ืœ ื‘ื—ืจื‘

ื˜ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื”; ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืขื ืงืฉื” ืขืจืฃ ื”ื•ืืƒ ื™ ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื ื™ื—ื” ืœื™ ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืคื™ ื‘ื”ื ื•ืื›ืœื; ื•ืืขืฉื” ืื•ืชืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ืœื‘

ื•ื™ืžืืกื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ื—ืžื“ื”

ื›ื‘ ื•ืชืงืจื‘ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ ื›ืœื›ื ื•ืชืืžืจื• ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ื—ืคืจื• ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจ ื ืขืœื” ื‘ื” ื•ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ื‘ื ืืœื™ื”ืŸืƒ โ€ฆื›ื” ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ื‘ื™ื“ื ืžืคืจื™ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ื• ืืœื™ื ื•; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื•ืƒ ื›ื• ื•ืœื ืื‘ื™ืชื ืœืขืœืช; ื•ืชืžืจื• ืืช ืคื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ืืƒ ื›ื– ื•ืชืจื’ื ื• ื‘ืื”ืœื™ื›ื ื•ืชืืžืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืืช ื”ืณ ืืชื ื• ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื ื• ืžืืจืฅ ืžืฆืจื™ื ืœืชืช ืืชื ื• ื‘ื™ื“ ื”ืืžืจื™ ืœื”ืฉืžื™ื“ื ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื

ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืขื“ ืื ื” ื™ื ืืฆื ื™ ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื”; ื•ืขื“ ืื ื” ืœื ื™ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืชื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื•ืƒ ื™ื‘ ืื›ื ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืื•ืจืฉื ื•; ื•ืืขืฉื” ืืชืš ืœื’ื•ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ืขืฆื•ื ืžืžื ื•ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื™ื“

ื•ื™ืฆืžื“ื• ืœื‘ืขืœ ืคืขื•ืจ

ื– ื•ื™ืจื ืคื™ื ื—ืก ื‘ืŸ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ; ื•ื™ืงื ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ื™ืงื— ืจืžื— ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืƒ ื— ื•ื™ื‘ื ืื—ืจ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืœ ื”ืงื‘ื” ื•ื™ื“ืงืจ ืืช ืฉื ื™ื”ื ืืช ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืืช ื”ืืฉื” ืืœ ืงื‘ืชื”; ื•ืชืขืฆืจ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ืžืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืžืชื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืคื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ืขืฉืจื™ื ืืœืฃืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื›ื”

ื”ืžืจื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•

Next, David brings up a story not of Israelโ€™s sin but of Mosheโ€™s. But he blames it on Israel; ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•.

ื– ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืืžืจืƒ ื— ืงื— ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ื•ื”ืงื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืขื“ื” ืืชื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืื—ื™ืš ื•ื“ื‘ืจืชื ืืœ ื”ืกืœืข ืœืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืžื™ืžื™ื•; ื•ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืœื”ื ืžื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ืกืœืข ื•ื”ืฉืงื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ืืช ื‘ืขื™ืจืืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื” ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื”ื•ืƒ ื™ ื•ื™ืงื”ืœื• ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืืœ ืคื ื™ ื”ืกืœืข; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ื”ืžืจื™ื ื”ืžืŸ ื”ืกืœืข ื”ื–ื” ื ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื›ื ืžื™ืืƒ ื™ื ื•ื™ืจื ืžืฉื” ืืช ื™ื“ื• ื•ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ื‘ืžื˜ื”ื• ืคืขืžื™ื; ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืžื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื•ืชืฉืช ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ื‘ืขื™ืจืืƒ

ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ื™ืขืŸ ืœื ื”ืืžื ืชื ื‘ื™ ืœื”ืงื“ื™ืฉื ื™ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ื”ื–ื” ืืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื ืชืชื™ ืœื”ืืƒ ื™ื’ ื”ืžื” ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื” ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืณ; ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉ ื‘ืืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื›

What did Moshe do wrong at ืžื™ ืžืจื™ื‘ื”? There are a lot of answers given. Rambam says it was the very fact that he got angry:

ื•ื—ื˜ืื•, ืขืœื™ื• ื”ืฉืœื•ื, ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื˜ื” ืืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ื”ืงืฆื•ื•ืช ื‘ืžืขืœื” ืžืžืขืœื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืกื‘ืœื ื•ืช, ื›ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ื” ืืœ ื”ื›ืขืก, ื‘ืื•ืžืจื•: (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›:ื™) โ€ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ืโ€œ. ื“ืงื“ืง ื”ืณ ืขืœื™ื• ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ื”ื• ื›ื•ืขืก ื‘ืคื ื™ ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืจืื•ื™ ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืขืก. ื•ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื—ื•ืง ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื”ื•ื ื—ืœื•ืœ ื”ืฉื, ืœืคื™ ืฉืชื ื•ืขื•ืชื™ื• ื›ื•ืœืŸ ื•ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืœืžื•ืคืชโ€ฆ

ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืคืจืงื™ื ืœืจืžื‘ืดื ืคืจืง ื“

And that is the meaning of the ืžืจ ืจื•ื— here:

ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื• ืืช ืจื•ื—ื•: ื›ืŸ ืคื™ืจืฉ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ ื–ืดืœ ื”ืคืกื•ืง: ื›ื™ ื”ืžืจื• ืืช ืจื•ื— ืžืฉื”.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื•:ืœื’

And once Moshe got angry, he spoke rashly. ื‘ื˜ื•ืื™ ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื in the Torah always indicates a vow that is not fulfilled.

ื‘ื˜ื denotes an utterance that did not emanate from mature deliberation.

Hirsch Psalms, CVI:33

ืื• ื ืคืฉ ื›ื™ ืชืฉื‘ืข ืœื‘ื˜ื ื‘ืฉืคืชื™ื ืœื”ืจืข ืื• ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืœื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื˜ื ื”ืื“ื ื‘ืฉื‘ืขื” ื•ื ืขืœื ืžืžื ื•; ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื“ืข ื•ืืฉื ืœืื—ืช ืžืืœื”ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ื”:ื“

ื– ื•ืื ื”ื™ื• ืชื”ื™ื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื•ื ื“ืจื™ื” ืขืœื™ื” ืื• ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืคืชื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื”ืƒ ื— ื•ืฉืžืข ืื™ืฉื” ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืขื• ื•ื”ื—ืจื™ืฉ ืœื”; ื•ืงืžื• ื ื“ืจื™ื” ื•ืืกืจื” ืืฉืจ ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื” ื™ืงืžื•ืƒ ื˜ ื•ืื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืข ืื™ืฉื” ื™ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื•ื”ืคืจ ืืช ื ื“ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืืช ืžื‘ื˜ื ืฉืคืชื™ื” ืืฉืจ ืืกืจื” ืขืœ ื ืคืฉื” ื•ื”ืณ ื™ืกืœื— ืœื”ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ืœ

Moshe has gotten angry before, and he loses his ability to think correctly:

ื˜ื– ื•ืืช ืฉืขื™ืจ ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ื“ืจืฉ ื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉื” ื•ื”ื ื” ืฉืจืฃ; ื•ื™ืงืฆืฃ ืขืœ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื ื•ืชืจื ืœืืžืจืƒ ื™ื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืื›ืœืชื ืืช ื”ื—ื˜ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื›ื™ ืงื“ืฉ ืงื“ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื; ื•ืืชื” ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื” ืœื›ืคืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ ื™ื— ื”ืŸ ืœื ื”ื•ื‘ื ืืช ื“ืžื” ืืœ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืคื ื™ืžื”; ืื›ื•ืœ ืชืื›ืœื• ืืชื” ื‘ืงื“ืฉ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ืื”ืจืŸ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื—ื˜ืืชื ื•ืืช ืขืœืชื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ืชืงืจืื ื” ืืชื™ ื›ืืœื”; ื•ืื›ืœืชื™ ื—ื˜ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ ื› ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืžืฉื” ื•ื™ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื•ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ืคืจืง ื™

ื™ื“ ื•ื™ืงืฆืฃ ืžืฉื” ืขืœ ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ื—ื™ืœ ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืฉืจื™ ื”ืžืื•ืช ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืžืฆื‘ื ื”ืžืœื—ืžื”ืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื”ื ืžืฉื”; ื”ื—ื™ื™ืชื ื›ืœ ื ืงื‘ื”ืƒ ื˜ื– ื”ืŸ ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ื• ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืœืขื ืœืžืกืจ ืžืขืœ ื‘ื”ืณ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืคืขื•ืจ; ื•ืชื”ื™ ื”ืžื’ืคื” ื‘ืขื“ืช ื”ืณืƒ

โ€ฆ

ื›ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืืœ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ืฆื‘ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ืœืžืœื—ืžื”; ื–ืืช ื—ืงืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืณ ืืช ืžืฉื”ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ืœื

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื’ื•ืณ; ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื ืžืฉื” ืœื›ืœืœ ื›ืขืก ื‘ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช ืฉื ืชืขืœืžื• ืžืžื ื• ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื’ื™ืขื•ืœื™ ื ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื™ ืœืžืœื•ืื™ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™:ื˜ื–) ื•ื™ืงืฆื•ืฃ ืขืœ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื•ืขืœ ืื™ืชืžืจ, ื‘ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื›ืขืก, ื‘ื ืœื›ืœืœ ื˜ืขื•ืช, ื•ื›ืŸ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›:ื™-ื™ื) ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ื ื ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืš ืืช ื”ืกืœืข, ืขืดื™ ื”ื›ืขืก ื˜ืขื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื:ื›ื

Iโ€™m very hesitant to criticise ืžืฉื” ืจื‘ื™ื ื•, but at his level, he needed to control his temper.

But in our perek, the emphasis is on what ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ did wrong; they provoked Moshe. However, itโ€™s not so simple. ื•ื™ืจืข ืœืžืฉื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจื sounds like โ€œit was bad for Moshe for their sakeโ€, as though Mosheโ€™s punishment was to ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ's benefit. The ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื has an amazing explanation:

ื’ื ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืื ืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ื’ืœืœื›ื ืœืืžืจ; ื’ื ืืชื” ืœื ืชื‘ื ืฉืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื:ืœื–

ื•ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืคื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื”ื ื–ืดืœ (ืชืขื ื™ืช ื›ื˜,ื) ืฉืืžืจื• ื‘ืคืกื•ืง (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื“:ื) ื•ื™ื‘ื›ื• ื”ืขื ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืงื‘ืขื• ื‘ื›ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ ืœื™ืœ ืชืฉืขื” ื‘ืื‘ ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื‘ื• ื ื—ืจื‘ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ื•ืืžืจื• ืขื•ื“ (ืกื•ื˜ื” ื˜,ื) ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืžืฉื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื ื—ืจื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืื•ืžื” ื•ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ื•ื’ืขืช ื‘ื•, ื•ืืžืจื• ืขื•ื“ (ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื ืขื˜) ื‘ืคืกื•ืง ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœืืกืฃ ืืœืงื™ื ื‘ืื• ื’ื•ื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื–ืดืœ ืงื™ื ื” ืžื‘ืขื™ ืœื™ื” ืืœื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื—ืžืชื• ืขืœ ืขืฆื™ื ื•ืื‘ื ื™ื, ืžืขืชื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืžืฉื” ืœืืจืฅ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื•ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ื—ืžืชื• ืขืœื™ื• ืœื ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื ื–ื›ืจ, ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘โ€ืฉื•ื ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœโ€œ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœื™ื•ื ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืช, ืœื–ื” ื’ื–ืจ ื”ืณ ื‘ื’ื–ืจืช ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื’ื ืขืœ ืžืฉื” ืฉื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจื• ื’ื ื‘ื™ ื”ืชืื ืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ื’ืœืœื›ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื‘ื’ืœื’ื•ืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœื›ื, ื›ื™ ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืŸ ื”ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื ืกื™ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื ื›ื ืก ืžืฉื” ืขืžื”ื. ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื—ื•ืฉ ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืชื’ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ื”ืจืข ื•ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื“ืงื ื‘ืืจืฅ, ืืœื ืžืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืขื•ืŸ ืžืจื’ืœื™ื ื’ื‘ืจื” ื™ื“ ืจืฉืขื” ื•ื™ื“ืข ื”ืณ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืฆื“ืง.

ืื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื:ืœื–

So the problem was a sort of impedance mismatch between ืžืฉื” and ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. He was the perfect leader for a different people. He could not bear their incessant backsliding; in Kabbalistic terms, Moshe is the embodiment of ื ืฆื—, eternity, consistency. Israelโ€™s only consistency is in their fickleness.

Would it not be easier
In that case for the government
To dissolve the people
And elect another?

Bertolt Brecht, Die Lรถsung

ื•ื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื”ื

And that fickleness continues when they reach ืืจืฅ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. They refuse to learn from history, of the dangers of the idolatrous cultures around them:

ื˜ื– ืจืง ืžืขืจื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ื ืชืŸ ืœืš ื ื—ืœื” ืœื ืชื—ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžื”ืƒ ื™ื– ื›ื™ ื”ื—ืจื ืชื—ืจื™ืžื ื”ื—ืชื™ ื•ื”ืืžืจื™ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ื”ืคืจื–ื™ ื”ื—ื•ื™ ื•ื”ื™ื‘ื•ืกื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืšืƒ ื™ื— ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื• ืืชื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื›ืœ ืชื•ืขื‘ืชื ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืœืืœื”ื™ื”ื; ื•ื—ื˜ืืชื ืœื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›

The goal is not genocide but eliminating ืชื•ืขื‘ืชื:

ื”ื ืื ืขืฉื• ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื•, ืืชื” ืจืฉืื™ ืœืงื‘ืœื

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›:ื™ื—, ื“ืดื” ืœืžืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ืœืžื“ื•

ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืฉืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืื– ืจืฉืื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœื, ื“ืื ืœื ื›ืŸ ืคืฉื™ื˜ื ืœืžื” ืœื ื ืงื‘ืœ ืื•ืชื ื“ื”ื™ืืš ื™ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืขืช ืฉืื ื™ืชื’ื™ื™ืจื• ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื”ืจื’ื™ืŸ

ืžื–ืจื—ื™, ืฉื

And the cycle of Jewish history continues to Davidโ€™s time:

ื•ื™ืชื ื ื‘ื™ื“ ื’ื•ื™ื: ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื•ืคื˜ ืœืฉื•ืคื˜ ื›ื’ื•ืŸ ืขื’ืœื•ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืฉืŸ ืจืฉืขืชื™ื ื•ืกื™ืกืจื ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื•:ืžื

ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื• ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื•

We finally get back to the beginning of the perek, ื–ื›ืจื ื™ ื”ืณโ€ฆืœืฉืžื— ื‘ืฉืžื—ืช ื’ื•ื™ืš. Despite all the sins and shortcomings, Israel will be saved; ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ืœื. But it isnโ€™t easy, and it isnโ€™t guaranteed (at least not at any given point in time):

ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ: ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื’ืืœื™ืŸ ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื—ืžืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื: ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืจื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคืœื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฅ. ืžืชื•ืš ืฆืจื” ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ื™ืจื ื‘ืฆืจ ืœื”ืโ€œ, ืžืชื•ืš ืชืคืœื” ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื‘ืฉืžืขื• ืืช ืจื™ื ืชืโ€œ, ืžืชื•ืš ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ื™ื–ื›ื•ืจ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื™ืชื•โ€œ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ื™ื ื—ื ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื—ืกื“ื™ื•โ€œ, ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืงืฅ ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื• ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื•ืงื‘ืฆื ื• ืžืŸ ื”ื’ื•ื™ืโ€œ.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืงื•

ื•ืืžืจ ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืžืŸ

The conclusion of this verse is narrative rather than poetic; itโ€™s a sort of stage direction. The audience isnโ€™t necessarily reciting a refrain or reading responsively, but that have to acknowledge what was just said:

ืืžืจ ืจืณ ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ืฉื ืจืณ ื™ื•ืกื™ ื‘ืŸ ื–ืžืจื ืืžืŸ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื”, ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ืืžืจื” ื”ืืฉื” ืืžืŸ ืืžืŸโ€œ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”:ื›ื‘), ืืžืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืืžืŸ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื”ืœื™ื (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืงื•

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื•ืื– ื ึนืืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื—ื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉื›ืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ืืžืจื• ืืžืŸ ื•ืืžืŸ, ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื” ืœืืœื” ื”ืœืœื•ื™ึพื”.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื•:ืžื—

And in the narrative version of ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, the people resoundingly answer ืืžืŸ.

ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืœื; ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืณืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื–:ืœื•