Phyllis Shapiro just got me Rabbi David Fohrman’s Exodus: A Parsha Companion, so I’m going to base my shiur on his essay for this week’s parsha. I’m not going to say exactly what he says; you should buy the book and read it for yourself!
He starts by looking at the description of בת פרעה rescuing Moshe:
And the well-known gemara:
He uses that to introduce his approach to מדרש אגדה. There’s an important distinction to be made. The Torah includes both legal and historical material, what Robert Cover called ”Nomos and Narrative“ and what Rav Copperman calls הלכות and הליכות. We can read both through the lens of “Bible as literature”, what is called פשט; and through the eyes of the תורה שבעל פה, what is called דרש or מדרש. So we have both מדרש הלכה and מדרש אגדה (the narrative דרש). The latter is often abbreviated simply as midrash, but I will try to be more precise and call it aggadah. And those are the stories that seem so outlandish that we can’t imagine what חז״ל were thinking.
But מדרש אגדה has the same purpose as מדרש הלכה. It is telling us what the תורה שבעל פה has to teach us about the תורה שבכתב, not the story but the lesson. As Rabbi Shulman puts it, we have to take aggadah “seriously but not literally”.
The one who really defined how we (traditional Jews in a modern world) approach aggadah was the Maharal (much of this comes from
Chaim Eisen, Maharal’s Be’er ha-Golah and His Revolution in Aggadic Scholarship—in Their Context and on His Terms). Everyone who looks as “מחשבת ישראל”—Rav Kook, Rav Hutner, Rav Shapira, among others—start from the Maharal. But really, it should have come from the Rambam, 400 years before.
Rambam, in his introduction to the 13 עקרים, talks about three groups of people who read aggadah. The first takes everything literally and believes it; they are עניי הדעת; יש להצטער עליהם לסכלותם. The second group takes everything literally and considers חז״ל fools; they are כת ארורה…ואלו הפתאים.
But that book never appeared.
His son wrote an essay on aggadah that outlines his approach:
And this is the usual way we talk about understanding aggadah. Some fit in with the פשט, and are on a par with the modern “literary” reading of תנ״ך. Call that פשט אגדה. Some have a deeper meaning, העניין הפנימי, and are meant allegorically: מדרש אגדה. Unlike laws, moral concepts can’t be put into unambiguous words. Stories that portray attitudes and feelings are the only way to express them.
However, the Maharal is much more radical. He claims that חז״ל are never interested in the literary side; while you might ask “what’s bothering Rashi”, it makes no sense to ask “what’s bothering the gemara”.
He gets vitriolic with those who would give either a literal or a literary reading of aggadah.
For an example:
Now that explains Rashi. Nothing unreasonable about identifying Avraham’s נערים, and we only have two named characters in his household, so we assume that these are who they were. But that’s not why ויקרא רבה (Rashi’s source) wants them identified. The superfluous nature of נעריו is just the hook for a profound lesson.
גוף here isn’t so much the physical body, but the נפש הבהמית, the “animal nature” of the human being.
[The terms are confusing, because different people use them differently. Maharal’s שכל-נפש-גוף correspond, in order, to the kabbalist’s נפש-רוח-נשמה, to Frankl’s noos-psyche-soma, though I would translate noos as “mind” and psyche as “spirit”.]
Yishmael symbolizes the גוף , Eliezer symbolizes the נפש, and Avraham is the שכל that has to leave them all behind to succeed in this test.
And in this week’s parsha, in the pasuk we quoted above:
Rashi brings a midrashic explanation of ונערתיה הלכת:
And it is in that spirit that Rabbi Fohrman reads our aggadah:
חז״ל and the מדרש אגדה aren’t looking at history. They are looking at destiny, and the power we have to create it.