This was inspired by Rabbi Kurland’s Mussar Vaad on 9 December 2021, and is dedicated in memory of Dr. Lester Zeffren, יואל אליעזר בן ישראל אברהם, whose yahrzeit is this week.
This week’s parsha includes Yaakov’s final blessings to his children. Yehudah’s blessing is:
What does that last line mean? חכלילי only appears twice in all תנ״ך, once here, and once in משלי (which we will cite).
And that is taken (as is the policy of the Artscroll Chumash) from Rashi:
But while “red-eyed from wine” does illustrate how fruitful Yehudah’s land will be, it doesn’t seem like much of a blessing.
And in fact, Rashi’s proof text in משלי is all about how evil wine is:
It’s so negative, that Onkelos (whom Rashi cites to prove that חכלילי means “red”) takes the whole pasuk as metaphoric:
And Rashi acknowledges that, but would rather take the pasuk literally:
Yehudah will have so much wine his eyes will be bloodshot, and so much milk his teeth will be white. The metaphoric approach of Onkelos is worth mentioning, but it’s not the primary meaning. That is a problem:
Ramban reads חכלילי עינים/חכלילות עינים not as “red eyes” but as “colored eyes”, referring to makeup, eye shadow, what in the gemara is called כחול עינים. In modern Hebrew, כחול means “blue” but in the gemara meant “kohl”, the ancient pigment made from antimony ore.
By an astounding coincidence, that is where our word “alcohol” came from, well after Ramban:
But for Ramban, חכלילי עינים has nothing to do with being drunk, but with having so much wine that they could use it as makeup, parallel to כבס ביין לבשו.
But the word is חכלילי, not כחול. There’s another way to look at this word.
This past week was עשרה בטבת. One of the calamities that we recall on that fast day was the translation of the Torah into Greek:
חז״ל intentionally bowlderized their translation (see מגילה ט,א) to smooth over any difficulties, so it’s often worth seeing how they translated difficult psukim.
The key part of this translation is that מיין and מחלב do not mean “from wine and milk” but “more than wine and milk”, so “teeth whiter than milk” is a nice blessing. “Eyes redder than wine” would still be a problem, so it is understood as meaning “shining” or “sparkling”, hence “cheerful” to himself, and “cheering” to others. And that is actually how חז״ל saw this entire pasuk:
Now that’s a ברכה. Despite the responsibilities of לא יסור שבט מיהודה ומחקק מבין רגליו, he will always have a smile. And that smile will extend to his eyes.
The ambiguity of the Greek: do we translate חכלילי as “cheerful” or “cheering”? is intentional. Yehudah will be happy and he will make others happy, by showing them his smile, the whites of his teeth and the sparkle in his eyes. And it will be “more than wine”: wine makes people happy, but it’s false. Yehudah will be the real thing.
Yehudah’s ברכה is that he can smile. What makes this ברכה more poignant is that Yaakov could not:
Everyone asks on the דעת זקנים: OK, Yaakov complained. But his complaint was only 21 words. Why does the midrash start the count from ויאמר פרעה אל יעקב? The answer given is that he wore his misery on his face. The fact that Pharaoh asked, that he was shocked by how aged and care-worn Yaakov appeared, was a sign that Yaakov was not חכלילי עינים.
And that’s a lesson for us, how important it is to show a smile to others.
That’s a nice thought. But what do we do about Rashi? Surely Rashi knew the gemara, and understood the difficulty with the “bloodshot eyes” translation. I’m going to try to
defend Rashi. That’s hard, when even the Maharal says תמה אני על פה קדוש כמו רש״י.
The term יין וחלב occurs elsewhere in תנ״ך:
They are used metaphorically, but clearly the vehicle of the metaphor (the “metaphee”) must have some meaning. Sforno implies that שתיתי ייני עם חלבי refers to the drinks of young and old.
These are social drinks; at a party, you serve liquor to the adults and milkshakes to the kids. Every one knows Rashi was a vintner (everyone except Hyim Soloveitchik, according to Wikipedia). He understood the value of wine, ויין ישמח לבב אנוש. I would assume that Rashi would read אדם עינים יהא מרב יין not as “bloodshot” but “shining”, reflecting the cheerfulness of the Septuagint. There is a place for wine as a social lubricant, and the ברכה to Yehudah is that he would be the center of אתה יודוך אחיך, not dominating them but bringing them all together with a smile and a drink.