Everyone knows by now how my chumash shiurim work: I find a picayune textual oddity that catches my attention, look for commentators who address it, and then tie those answers to a larger point about Torah and our responsibility as free-willed human beings. I found my textual oddity this week, but no one else seems to be bothered. So I will hypothecate freely.
The problem is that first word: ויאמר. Commandments usually start with וידבר ה׳ אל משה לאמר. “G-d spoke to Moshe, to say”, with the לאמר generally understood as “in order to say it to others”. Our paragraph starts with ויאמר, and is missing the לאמר. As far as I can tell, this is the only commandment that starts this way. There are two other ויאמר ה׳ אל משה, but both add the לאמר:
The only source that I found that addresses this is the לקח טוב, which says that this paragraph about the קטרת wasn’t a separate “וידבר”, but was connected with the previous paragraph about the spices in the anointing oil:
But I don’t like that; if it’s part of the same דיבור, don’t have any introductory phrase at all, like all the paragraphs in last week’s parsha (that didn’t mention Moshe’s name).
My answer starts with another problem I have, in פרשת אחרי מות:
In other words, the פשט is that the ענן is the כבוד ה׳, which is present תמיד, always, and therefore no human being can go into the קודש הקדשים.
That’s Rashi’s פשט. He continues:
The דרש is that the ענן is the burning קטרת, and “כי” means “except for”: “Aharon cannot come into the קודש הקדשים except with the cloud of the קטרת”. But that always seemed backwards to me: If we understand פשט to mean “simple, least mystical”, then the פשט would seem to be that ענן means “cloud of incense” and the midrashic reading would be “cloud of G-d’s glory”. But Rashi is telling me I’m wrong. פשט is how one would read the text without the תורה שבעל פה. Based on the text so far, from לא יכל משה לבוא to מות שני בני אהרן בקרבתם לפני ה׳ וימתו, no one can experience the ענן of the שכינה. Ever. You can’t go into the קודש הקדשים, כי—because—בענן אראה על הכפרת. אל יבא בכל עת means he can never come, but the פשט later tells us there’s an exception:
We’ve talked before about Rav Copperman’s model for the purpose of the פשט, when it disagrees with the תורה שבעל פה. It represents the “ideal” halacha, the “עלה במחשבה” of מדת הדין, what the halacha would be if we were perfect philosophy robots. But we’re not (we can identify crosswalks and traffic lights!). So in creating the world, ה׳ (quoting Rashi to בראשית א:א) הקדים מדת רחמים ושתפה למדת הדין. In a מדת הדין world, imperfect humans can never experience the infinite Divine. But built into creation (with the מדת רחמים) is the fact that we can approach the ענן כבוד ה׳ with the ענן הקטרת.
And that explains a textual oddity from last week’s parsha. The מזבח הקטורת is described, not in פרשת תרומה with all the other כלי המשכן, but at the end of פרשת תצוה, after the בגדי כהונה. Ramban says it’s because the קטורת isn’t really part of our עבודה; it’s to protect us when we do the עבודה.
Why does the קטרת allow us to encounter הקב״ה? Because the קטרת symbolizes community, the אחדות of כנסת ישראל:
The Netsiv illustrates this with an amazing interpretation of יצחק's reaction to יעקב when he thinks it’s עשו:
The “שדה” is where יצחק prays:
And it is community that allows us to receive the Torah:
A single human being, no matter how great, can never approach הקדש מבית לפרכת. Only as a representative of כנסת ישראל as a whole, with our גמילות חסדים to each other tying us to each other, can the כהן גדול enter.
Back to our question. We know the difference between וידבר and ויאמר:
So the law of the קטרת is a manifestation of ה׳'s רכות, the מדת הרחמים as we’ve said. And I propose that the lack of a לאמר after means that the whole law isn’t a matter of black-and-white halacha. וידבר ה׳ אל משה לאמר means “this is the law”. The halachot of קטרת are specifically not given by the Torah.
ה׳ says “make קטרת, including these ingredients (you must include the חלבנה), but the details are up to you”. Why? Because it symbolizes גמילות חסדים, and ה׳ doesn’t specify what גמילות חסדים entails.
So ה׳ tells us: if you want to encounter Me, you need first to create a community of mutual גמילות חסדים. But I won’t tell you how; you have to figure that out for yourselves.
I think the reason is that if we want to do a מצווה בין אדם לחברו, we can’t look at the שלחן ערוך. We need to look at חברו. If we see גמילות חסדים simply as fulfilling a מצווה, then we are looking at another human being as הכשר מצווה, a tool for our own spiritual reward.
If we want to “see” הקב״ה, we need to see each other.