ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Lions and Bears, Oh My

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ืœื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืจืขื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื‘ื“ืš ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ืฆืืŸ; ื•ื‘ื ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ ื•ื ืฉื ืฉื” ืžื”ืขื“ืจืƒ ืœื” ื•ื™ืฆืืชื™ ืื—ืจื™ื• ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืฆืœืชื™ ืžืคื™ื•; ื•ื™ืงื ืขืœื™ ื•ื”ื—ื–ืงืชื™ ื‘ื–ืงื ื• ื•ื”ื›ืชื™ื• ื•ื”ืžื™ืชื™ื•ืƒ ืœื• ื’ื ืืช ื”ืืจื™ ื’ื ื”ื“ื‘ ื”ื›ื” ืขื‘ื“ืš; ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืขืจืœ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ื›ื™ ื—ืจืฃ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืœื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ืืƒ

ืœื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆืœื ื™ ืžื™ื“ ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืžื™ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆื™ืœื ื™ ืžื™ื“ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื–ื”;

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืš ื•ื”ืณ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืžืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

Grammatical Objects

The phrasing of ื•ื‘ื ื”ืืจื™ ื•ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื‘ is odd until we realize that โ€œืืชโ€ is a funny word. Usually it is an article indicating the direct object of a transitive verb: (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื:ื)โ€Ž ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื‘ืจื ืืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ืืจืฅืƒ. But sometimes it means โ€œwithโ€: (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื:ื)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ ืฉืžืข ื›ื™ ื˜ืžื ืืช ื“ื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื”ื™ื• ืืช ืžืงื ื”ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื”; ื•ื”ื—ืจืฉ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขื“ ื‘ืืืƒ. So our pasuk means โ€œThe lion would come (taking ื•ื‘ื as the continual present) even with the bearโ€.

The ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื notes that the two words have a subtle distinction (ืื™ืœืช ื”ืฉื—ืจ ืฉืดืž, ืชืงืขืดื˜):โ€Ž โ€œืืชโ€ means with something of lesser importance, while โ€œืขืโ€ means that both things are equally significant. For example:

ื•ื’ื ืœืœื•ื˜ ื”ื”ืœืš ืืช ืื‘ืจื ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจ ื•ืื”ืœื™ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื™ื’:ื”

ืžื™ ื’ืจื ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื• ื›ืœ ื–ืืช, ื”ืœื™ื›ืชื• ืขื ืื‘ืจื

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืœ ื ืขืจื™ื• ืฉื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืคื” ืขื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื•ื”ื ืขืจ ื ืœื›ื” ืขื“ ื›ื”; ื•ื ืฉืชื—ื•ื” ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืืœื™ื›ืืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘:ื”

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ื ืืžืจ ืงืจื (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื‘) ืฉื‘ื• ืœื›ื ืคื” ืขื ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขื ื”ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืžื•ืจ

ืงื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ืŸ ืกื—,ื

Thus the lion is the important part of Davidโ€™s story; the bear is incidental. We will see the importance of being attacked by a lion, but I have to bring up one of my favorite anecdotes from the Gemara:

ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื”ืขืžืกื•ื ื™ ื•ืืžืจื™ ืœื” ื ื—ืžื™ื” ื”ืขืžืกื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืœ ืืชื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื’ื™ืข (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื•:ื™ื’) ืœืืช ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืชื™ืจื ืคื™ืจืฉ ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ื›ืœ ืืชื™ืŸ ืฉื“ืจืฉืช ืžื” ืชื”ื ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ื›ืฉื ืฉืงื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจื™ืฉื” ื›ืš ืงื‘ืœืชื™ ืฉื›ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืคืจื™ืฉื” ืขื“ ืฉื‘ื ืจืณ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื•ืœื™ืžื“ ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืชื™ืจื ืœืจื‘ื•ืช ืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื

ื‘ื‘ื ืงืžื ืžื,ื‘

Lions in ืชื ืดืš

ื” ื•ื™ืจื“ ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ ื•ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืืžื• ืชืžื ืชื”; ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืขื“ ื›ืจืžื™ ืชืžื ืชื” ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืคื™ืจ ืืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืื’ ืœืงืจืืชื•ืƒ ื• ื•ืชืฆืœื— ืขืœื™ื• ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืฉืกืขื”ื• ื›ืฉืกืข ื”ื’ื“ื™ ื•ืžืื•ืžื” ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื•; ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืœืืžื• ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื”ืƒ

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื“

ื› ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืืœ ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ;
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืƒ ื›ื ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœืืžืจ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ: ื™ืขืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืจื™ืช ืคื™ ื”ืณ ื•ืœื ืฉืžืจืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืšืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ืชืฉื‘ ื•ืชืื›ืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืชืฉืช ืžื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ืš ืืœ ืชืื›ืœ ืœื—ื ื•ืืœ ืชืฉืช ืžื™ื ืœื ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื‘ืœืชืš ืืœ ืงื‘ืจ ืื‘ืชื™ืšืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ืื›ืœื• ืœื—ื ื•ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืชื•ืชื•; ื•ื™ื—ื‘ืฉ ืœื• ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืœื ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืƒ ื›ื“ ื•ื™ืœืš ื•ื™ืžืฆืื”ื• ืืจื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื™ืžื™ืชื”ื•; ื•ืชื”ื™ ื ื‘ืœืชื• ืžืฉืœื›ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื•ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ืขืžื“ ืืฆืœื” ื•ื”ืืจื™ื” ืขืžื“ ืืฆืœ ื”ื ื‘ืœื”ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื’

ืœื” ื•ืื™ืฉ ืื—ื“ ืžื‘ื ื™ ื”ื ื‘ื™ืื™ื ืืžืจ ืืœ ืจืขื”ื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ื”ื›ื™ื ื™ ื ื; ื•ื™ืžืืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื”ื›ืชื•ืƒ ืœื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ื™ืขืŸ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ ื”ื ืš ื”ื•ืœืš ืžืืชื™ ื•ื”ื›ืš ื”ืืจื™ื”; ื•ื™ืœืš ืžืืฆืœื• ื•ื™ืžืฆืื”ื• ื”ืืจื™ื” ื•ื™ื›ื”ื•ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›

ื›ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ื ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ ืžื‘ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื›ื•ืชื” ื•ืžืขื•ื ื•ืžื—ืžืช ื•ืกืคืจื•ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ืจืฉื• ืืช ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ืƒ ื›ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืชื—ืœืช ืฉื‘ืชื ืฉื ืœื ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืณ; ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื”ืณ ื‘ื”ื ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ื”ืืƒ ื›ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ ืœืืžืจ ื”ื’ื•ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืช ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขืจื™ ืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื‘ื ืืช ื”ืืจื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื ื ืžืžื™ืชื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื ื ื™ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ื›ื– ื•ื™ืฆื• ืžืœืš ืืฉื•ืจ ืœืืžืจ ื”ืœื™ื›ื• ืฉืžื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื™ืชื ืžืฉื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื; ื•ื™ืจื ืืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืœืงื™ ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ื›ื— ื•ื™ื‘ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืœื• ืžืฉืžืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžื•ืจื” ืืชื ืื™ืš ื™ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืณืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื™ื ื’ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ืืœื”ื™ื•; ื•ื™ื ื™ื—ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ืžื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ื”ืฉืžืจื ื™ื ื’ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ื‘ืขืจื™ื”ื ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื–

Thus being attacked by a lion is not a coincidence; it is a message from ื”ืณ. Being eaten by the lion is a sign of not listening to the ื ื‘ื™ื. Not being eaten is a sign that ื”ืณ is on your side. ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ took it that way; after his encounters with the lion and its corpse he was emboldened to take on the ืคืœื™ืฉืชื™ื. And David saw it the same way:

ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ื™ ืฉืœื ืœื—ื ื ื ื–ื“ืžืŸ ืœื™ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื”ื•ื, ืืœื ืฉืœืขืชื™ื“ ืื ื™ ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื” ืœืชืฉื•ืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื•ืืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื” ื•ืืฆื. ื•ื–ื” ืื—ื“ ืžืฉื ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื”ื ืจืžื– ื•ื—ืฉื• ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ: ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืžืจื“ื›ื™, ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืืกืชืจ ื‘:ื™ื) ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ื•ื™ื•ื ืžืจื“ื›ื™ ืžืชื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื—ืฆืจ ื•ื›ื•ืณ. ืืžืจ: ืœื ืœื—ื ื ืขืœืชื” ื‘ืฆื“ืงืช ื–ื• ืฉื ืชืคืกื” ื”ืขืจืœ ื”ื–ื”, ืืœื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื”.

ืจืฉืดื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–:ืœื–, ื“ืดื” ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฆื™ืœื ื™

(This is also brought down in ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืขืžื•ื ื™, along with two who did not take hints: Yaakov who felt the need to pray to be saved from Esav, and Moshe who did not realize Yehoshua would succeed him.)


Answering the Call

We have a perek of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž that epitomized Davidโ€™s approach to battle:

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื™ืขื ืš ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื”; ื™ืฉื’ื‘ืš ืฉื ืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ืƒ
ื’ ื™ืฉืœื— ืขื–ืจืš ืžืงื“ืฉ; ื•ืžืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืกืขื“ืšืƒ
ื“ ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื›ืœ ืžื ื—ืชืš; ื•ืขื•ืœืชืš ื™ื“ืฉื ื” ืกืœื”ืƒ
ื” ื™ืชืŸ ืœืš ื›ืœื‘ื‘ืš; ื•ื›ืœ ืขืฆืชืš ื™ืžืœืืƒ
ื• ื ืจื ื ื” ื‘ื™ืฉื•ืขืชืš ื•ื‘ืฉื ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ื“ื’ืœ; ื™ืžืœื ื”ืณ ื›ืœ ืžืฉืืœื•ืชื™ืšืƒ
ื– ืขืชื” ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ื”ืณ ืžืฉื™ื—ื•; ื™ืขื ื”ื• ืžืฉืžื™ ืงื“ืฉื• ื‘ื’ื‘ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉืข ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืƒ
ื— ืืœื” ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ื•ืืœื” ื‘ืกื•ืกื™ื; ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจืƒ
ื˜ ื”ืžื” ื›ืจืขื• ื•ื ืคืœื•; ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืงืžื ื• ื•ื ืชืขื•ื“ื“ืƒ
ื™ ื”ืณ ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื”; ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืขื ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงืจืื ื•ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื›

First, we note the inclusio that pulls the whole perek together: ื™ืขื ืš ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจื” and ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืขื ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ืงืจืื ื• at the end. This also helps us understand the grammar; while the conjugation in prose is very precise, poetry plays fast and loose with our sense of time, flipping rapidly from past to present to future to imperative to conditional. And that is intentional: it gives the poem a sense of timelessness and of multiple layers of meaning. ื™ืขื ืš can mean ื”ืณ answers, He will answer or a prayer: May He answer. The parallel with the end makes the latter interpretation more likely.

David then mentions ืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘, because ื™ืขืงื‘ is the first to pray before battle, and the one who used almost identical language in his prayer: (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื”:ื’)โ€Ž ืœืงืœ ื”ืขื ื” ืืชื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฆืจืชื™.

David continues the theme of asking ื”ืณ to accept the audienceโ€™s prayers (this is one of the few ืชื”ื™ืœื™ืโ€Ž written in the second person) by specifying the sacrifices in the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. The purpose of an ืขื•ืœื” is to be burned completely to ash, ื“ืฉืŸ.โ€Ž ื”ืณ shows His acceptance of a ืงืจื‘ืŸ with a fire from heaven; thus David asks that ืขื•ืœืชืš ื™ื“ืฉื ื”, that ื”ืณ burn up your ืขื•ืœื”.

ืกืœื” is a very difficult word to translate; in context it is a musical notation but it is not clear what it means. The Targum translates it as โ€œforeverโ€, presumably from the same root as ืžืกื™ืœื”, a path, as in (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืกื‘:ื™)โ€Ž ืกืœื• ืกืœื• ื”ืžืกืœื”: blaze a trail. Thus it has the sense of continuing on the same path. I like translating it not so much as โ€œforeverโ€ but as an indication that the thought expressed should go on, โ€œkeep this in mindโ€.

I think the tone of the perek changes, from prayer to a confident statement of fact: ื”ืณ will fulfill your requests and when He does, we (David now brings himself into the narrative) will exult in your salvation.

It also becomes more militaristic. ื ื“ื’ืœ (often mis-said as ื ื’ื“ืœ, โ€we will make greatโ€œ) means we will raise or rally around the banner, in this case the flag of ืฉื ืืœืงื™ื ื•. David expresses complete confidence; he knows now that the annointed (and by extension, the army) of ื”ืณ will be saved.

The next pasuk is clearly the climax of the perek, and also the most ambiguous. As Rav Hirsch points out, there is no verb in the first half of the pasuk. JPS translates, โ€œSome trust in chariots, and some in horsesโ€ but thereโ€™s no โ€œtrustโ€ in there. Also, there is a comma (or really a ื˜ืคื—ื) between ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ and ืืœืงื™ื ื•: itโ€™s not โ€œwe mention the name of ื”ืณ our G-dโ€ but โ€œwith the name 'ื”ืณืณ we mention our G-dโ€. Looking at the parallelism:

ืืœื”ื‘ืจื›ื‘
ื•ืืœื”ื‘ืกื•ืกื™ื
ื•ืื ื—ื ื•ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ

The gapping implies that the missing predicate in each phrase is ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ื–ื›ื™ืจ. Hirsch translates:

Some see G-d in chariots, and others in horses, but as for us, we remember our G-d by the name of โ€œThe L-rdโ€.

Or to paraphrase, โ€œThey see the source of our victory in our weaponry but we see it in the name of G-dโ€. When do we see this? When they have fallen and we stand and make ourselves go on (ื ืชืขื•ื“ื“ is the ื”ืชืคืขืœ, the reflexive of ืขื“ in the sense of โ€œeverโ€).

And David returns to the beginning but now joining in the ืชืคื™ืœื”, โ€May ื”ืณ save us allโ€œ but with the supreme confidence that they will emerge victorious.