ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Smooth Rock

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ืœื— ื•ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื• ื•ื ืชืŸ ืงื•ื‘ืข ื ื—ืฉืช ืขืœ ืจืืฉื•; ื•ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืืชื• ืฉืจื™ื•ืŸืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ื™ื—ื’ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ืžืขืœ ืœืžื“ื™ื• ื•ื™ืืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื™ืชื™; ื•ื™ืกืจื ื“ื•ื“ ืžืขืœื™ื•ืƒ ืž ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืงืœื• ื‘ื™ื“ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ืœื• ื—ืžืฉื” ื—ืœืงื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื ื—ืœ ื•ื™ืฉื ืืชื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื•ื‘ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ื•ืงืœืขื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•; ื•ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ืƒ ืžื ื•ื™ืœืš ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื”ืœืš ื•ืงืจื‘ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื ืฉื ื”ืฆื ื” ืœืคื ื™ื•ืƒ ืžื‘ ื•ื™ื‘ื˜ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ื•ื™ืจืื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ื–ื”ื•: ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื ืขืจ ื•ืื“ืžื ื™ ืขื ื™ืคื” ืžืจืื”ืƒ ืžื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ืื ื›ื™ ื›ื™ ืืชื” ื‘ื ืืœื™ ื‘ืžืงืœื•ืช; ื•ื™ืงืœืœ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืืœื”ื™ื•ืƒ ืžื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“: ืœื›ื” ืืœื™ ื•ืืชื ื” ืืช ื‘ืฉืจืš ืœืขื•ืฃ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื”ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื–

Fitted Suit

ื•ืœื‘ืฉ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื• ื‘ื“ ื•ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื‘ื“ ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืขืœ ื‘ืฉืจื• ื•ื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ืฉืŸ ืืฉืจ ืชืื›ืœ ื”ืืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืœื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—; ื•ืฉืžื• ืืฆืœ ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ืƒ

ื•ื™ืงืจื ื•:ื’

ืžื“ื• ื‘ื“: ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืชื ืช. ื•ืžื” ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืžื“ื•, ืฉืชื”ื ื›ืžื“ืชื•.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

ืžื“ means a cloak but has the added significance of โ€œmeasurementโ€โ€”it has to fit perfectly. The fact that the ื ื‘ื™ื felt it necessary to emphasize that Saulโ€™s cloak fit David is significant:

ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื“ืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžืฉื ืžืฉื— ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื” , ืืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืžืฉื›ืžื• ื•ืžืขืœื” (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜:ื‘), ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ืฉืื•ืœ ื›ืŸ , ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข , ื•ื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–:ืœื—, ื“ืดื” ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื•

ื•ื™ืœื‘ืฉ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืžื“ื™ื•: ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ืฉืื•ืœ ืžืฉื›ืžื• ื•ืžืขืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื›ืœ ื”ืขื ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืœื‘ื™ืฉื• ื‘ื’ื“ื™ื• ื•ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืœื›ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื•, ื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ืฉืื•ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื• ืžื™ื“ ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืจืื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืก ื‘ื• ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื™ืชื™, ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื”ืžืœืš ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชืžื ื” ืžืœืš ื•ื”ื•ื ืงืฆืจ ืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” ืืจื•ืš ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืฉืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื—ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื— ื•ื›ืŸ ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืžื” ื ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืณ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ื— ื‘ืขื•ืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื›ืžื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ื. ื•ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžื’ื“ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื•.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ ืจืžื– ืงื›ืดื–

Whether or not we take the midrash literally that the clothing grew to fit David, it is clear that he appeared โ€œkinglyโ€; he was no longer the shepherd boy who played the lyre. Saul noticed the change, and the rumors (as we discussed, it is unclear how public it was) of Davidโ€™s anointing by Samuel became very clearly real.

ืงื™ื™ืŸ ืขื™ืŸึพื”ืจืข

Davidโ€™s reaction is interesting: ื•ื™ืืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช ื‘ืืœื” ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื™ืชื™.โ€Ž ื•ื™ืืœ means โ€œto wantโ€, as in (ืฉืžื•ืช ื‘:ื›ื)โ€Ž ื•ื™ื•ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืฉื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉ.โ€Ž ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื translates, โ€œDavid wanted to go [with Saulโ€™s armor] because he had never tried them [and didnโ€™t realize how hard it was, but found he couldnโ€™t] and said, โ€˜I cannot go with these because I never tried to before.โ€™โ€

The Targum translates ื•ื™ืืœ as ืœื ืื‘ืโ€”he did not want to go, since he had never learned how. ืจืฉืดื™ mentions this translation and that there are many words that mean their own opposites (like dust or cleave in English), but ends with a translation like ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื's.

The ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™ has a very interesting interpretation; generally like ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื (David wanted to wear the armor) but he realized the ืขื™ืŸ ื”ืจืข he was creating and quickly removed it, with ืœื ื ืกื™ืชื™ only an excuse.

Water on the Rock

The ืžืคืจืฉื™ื only note Davidโ€™s ื—ืœืงื™ ืื‘ื ื™ื to say that the rocks worn smooth by the water would be good for slinging, but I am reminded of the parable that would become famous through ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื:

ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ืฉื ื” ื”ื™ื” ื•ืœื ืฉื ื” ื›ืœื•ื. ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ื‘ืืจ. ืืžืจ, ืžื™ ื—ืงืง ืื‘ืŸ ื–ื•, ืืžืจื• ืœื•, ื”ืžื™ื ืฉืชื“ื™ืจ ื ื•ืคืœื™ื ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื. ืืžืจื• ืœื•, ืขืงื™ื‘ื ืื™ ืืชื” ืงื•ืจื (ืื™ื•ื‘ ื™ื“:ื™ื˜) โ€ืื‘ื ื™ื ืฉื—ืงื• ืžื™ืโ€œ, ืžื™ื“ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืขืงื™ื‘ื ื“ืŸ ืงืœ ื•ื—ื•ืžืจ ื‘ืขืฆืžื•: ืžื” ืจืš ืคืกืœ ืืช ื”ืงืฉื”, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืงืฉื” ื›ื‘ืจื–ืœ ืขืœ ืื—ืช ื›ืžื” ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉื™ื—ืงืงื• ืืช ืœื‘ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื. ืžื™ื“ ื—ื–ืจ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืชื•ืจื”.

ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ ื•:ื‘

Defeating Goliath would be a religious act, through the worn rocks that symbolize the power of Torah.

Theodicy

Itโ€™s time to look at Davidโ€™s approach to his enemies, through the eyes of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื.

The ื˜ืขืžื™ ื”ืžืงืจืโ€”the โ€œtropeโ€, the ancient Biblical punctuation, is consistent through all of ืชื ืดืš. There are three exceptions: the books of ืื™ื•ื‘,โ€Ž ืžืฉืœื™โ€Ž and ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื. Together they are called ืกืคืจื™ ืืžืดืช, and they have a more elaborate system of ื˜ืขืžื™ื. Calling them books of โ€œืืžืชโ€ is clearly significant, but what do they have in common that separates them from other โ€œphilosophicalโ€ books like ืงื•ื”ืœืช? My answer is that these books are the ones that deal, as their major focus, with the fundamental question of Jewish philosophy, ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ืจืข ืœื•, why do bad things happen to good people. There are three classical Jewish answers, given in these three books:

  1. ื”ืณ's wisdom and plan is too deep for human beings to understand. He is good, but in our limited perspective we may not comprehend His goodness. This is expressed in ืื™ื•ื‘.
  2. The evil that befalls the good and the reward of the wicked are just; everything that happens to a person is deserved. Bad things that happen to good people is because of the (possibly minor) sins they have committed. This is expressed in ืžืฉืœื™. We have the concept of ืขื•ืœื ื”ื‘ื where the accounts will finally be settled and the righteous will achieve their true reward.
  3. ื’ื ื–ื• ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”. What seems to be a bad thing will be seen to actually to have been for a personโ€™s benefit, not in some vague unknowable sense, but within the personโ€™s own experience. This is the approach of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื.

The contrast with ืงื”ืœืช is telling. ืงื”ืœืช deals with the question of manโ€™s purpose in the world; it ends with the line (ืงื•ื”ืœืช ื™ื‘:ื™ื’)โ€Ž ืกื•ืฃ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉืžืข ืืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื™ืจื ื•ืืช ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืจ. The other books start from that assumption, that the purpose of existence is fear of G-d. For instance, (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื:ื™)โ€Ž ืจืืฉื™ืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ and (ืžืฉืœื™ ืคืจืง ื˜:ื™)โ€Ž ืชื—ืœืช ื—ื›ืžื” ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ and (ืื™ื•ื‘ ืคืจืง ื›ื—:ื›ื—)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืื“ื ื”ืŸ ื™ืจืืช ื”ืณ ื”ื™ื ื—ื›ืžื”; ื•ืกื•ืจ ืžืจืข ื‘ื™ื ื”ืƒ.

None of these approaches are completely satisfactory, of course; if there were an easy answer it would not be a hard question. But throughout ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื we see Davidโ€™s view of the vicissitudes of life.