We started this class exactly 6 years ago (8/26/2012). We’ve followed David from his days as a rejected shepherd boy to king of Israel, עשה משפט וצדקה לכל עמו. The remainder of ספר שמואל basically deals with the incident of Bat Sheva and its consequences, in the final years of his reign. It’s been an intense journey.
Right now, I want to take a break from ספר שמואל and look at one perek of תהילים, פרק קיט. It’s the longest chapter in נ״ך, with 176 psukim (there are no coincidences: this is the same number of psukim as the longest פרשה in the Torah, נשא, and the number of of pages in the longest מסכתא in the Talmud Bavli, בבא בתרא. But I won’t go into that). And it is very hard to study. It isn’t really a coherent poem; it is more a collection of individual adages, sort of David’s version of ספר משלי. Each one is a statement of how wonderful it is to learn the word of G-d, and the whole adds up to a love song to the Torah.
This illustrates the structure of the whole perek. There are 22 stiches, one for each letter of the alphabet, with eight psukim in each, with strict two-fold parallelism. Simple vocabulary and simple structure. We never read the whole thing at once, but we use it when we want to read psukim that start with a specific letter (like spelling a person’s name). I suspect it was written (and performed) not as a unitary whole, but as separate piyutim with a common theme. And that’s the way we will read it.
The eight-fold structure is noted in the gemara:
The Maharal explains the importance of the number eight, as symbolizing the supernatural (we’ve talked about this in the context of תהילים that are “על השמינית”):
Note that “supernatural” here means “beyond nature”, not in the occult sense but in the sense that we, human beings, act to improve the Divine-created nature:
And that’s what the Torah is, our way of making the world a better place, the real meaning of תיקון עולם.
And why should we say it three times a day (thankfully, only אשרי, not our perek)?
The other feature of the structure of this perek is that each pasuk uses one of twelve synonyms for Torah:
(There is one pasuk, קכב, that uses the term טוב as its synonym for Torah). We will discuss the distinctions between the terms later.
Looking at this first piyut, we see that it starts echoing the book of תהילים as a whole:
The underlying reason that David gives for learning תורת ה׳ is to do the מצוות: לא פעלו עולה; בדרכיו הלכו. This is a strictly utilitarian perspective; we need to know the laws in order to keep them. He will expand on this later.
Part of the way I will read each sub-poem is to look for the volta, the “turn”, as the poet starts us thinking in one direction then introduces a new perspective. Each letter, as I read this perek, brings in a new idea, and that is what I will emphasize.
Here the volta changes the tone from third person (“they” go in “His” ways) to a more personal account (“my” hopes are to keep “Your” commands). And that will establish the theme of the entire perek: learning Torah establishes our relationship with הקב״ה. It’s more than practical; it’s personal.