ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: In Perfect Harmony

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Last time, we looked at David bringing the ืืจื•ืŸ to Jerusalem, and compared the presentation in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, which emphasized the religious and national aspects, to the presentation in ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, which emphasized the personal, especially Michalโ€™s reaction to Davidโ€™s antics. We mentioned the idea that ื—ื–ืดืœ say that Michal wore ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, and that wearing ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ requires a single-minded focus. ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ is incompatible with wearing ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ, which is one reason why we do not wear them outside of davening nowadays. Michal, as demonstrated by this story, had a single-minded focus on ืฆื ื™ืขื•ืช and ืขื ื•ื”, and thus could wear ืชืคื™ืœื™ืŸ.


In ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, the story ends there. The ืืจื•ืŸ is put away, never to be seen again. In ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื, it is clear that the ืืจื•ืŸ becomes the center of divine service, as David plans to build the permanent ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ:

ื ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆื™ื’ื• ืืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืื”ืœ ืืฉืจ ื ื˜ื” ืœื• ื“ื•ื™ื“; ื•ื™ืงืจื™ื‘ื• ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืœืงื™ืืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืžื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืขืœื” ื•ื”ืฉืœืžื™ื; ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืืช ื”ืขื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ื—ืœืง ืœื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืื™ืฉ ื•ืขื“ ืืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื›ื›ืจ ืœื—ื ื•ืืฉืคืจ ื•ืืฉื™ืฉื”ืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื; ื•ืœื”ื–ื›ื™ืจ ื•ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ

ื” ืืกืฃ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื• ื–ื›ืจื™ื”; ื™ืขื™ืืœ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื•ืžืชืชื™ื” ื•ืืœื™ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืืœ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืืกืฃ ื‘ืžืฆืœืชื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขืƒ ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ื™ื—ื–ื™ืืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ืฆืฆืจื•ืช ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ืืƒ ื– ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืื– ื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ืœื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื“ ืืกืฃ ื•ืื—ื™ื•ืƒ

ื— ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื•ืƒ

ื˜ ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื• ื–ืžืจื• ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืœืืชื™ื•ืƒ

ื™ ื”ืชื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื• ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืณืƒ

ื™ื ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืณ ื•ืขื–ื• ื‘ืงืฉื• ืคื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ืƒ

ื™ื‘ ื–ื›ืจื• ื ืคืœืืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืžืคืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืคื™ื”ื•ืƒ

ื™ื’ ื–ืจืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ื•ืƒ

ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืƒ

ื˜ื• ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื” ืœืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืจืƒ

ื˜ื– ืืฉืจ ื›ืจืช ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• ืœื™ืฆื—ืงืƒ

ื™ื– ื•ื™ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœืืƒ

ื™ื— ืœืืžืจ ืœืš ืืชืŸ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื—ืœืชื›ืืƒ

ื™ื˜ ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื›ื ืžืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ืƒ

ื› ื•ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื•ืžืžืžืœื›ื” ืืœ ืขื ืื—ืจืƒ

ื›ื ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืœืื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉืงื ื•ื™ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœื›ื™ืืƒ

ื›ื‘ ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืืœ ืชืจืขื•ืƒ


ื›ื’ ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื‘ืฉืจื• ืžื™ื•ื ืืœ ื™ื•ื ื™ืฉื•ืขืชื•ืƒ

ื›ื“ ืกืคืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื ื ืคืœืืชื™ื•ืƒ

ื›ื” ื›ื™ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ืณ ื•ืžื”ืœืœ ืžืื“ ื•ื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืืœื”ื™ืืƒ

ื›ื• ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืืœื”ื™ ื”ืขืžื™ื ืืœื™ืœื™ื ื•ื”ืณ ืฉืžื™ื ืขืฉื”ืƒ

ื›ื– ื”ื•ื“ ื•ื”ื“ืจ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืขื– ื•ื—ื“ื•ื” ื‘ืžืงืžื•ืƒ

ื›ื— ื”ื‘ื• ืœื”ืณ ืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื•ืขื–ืƒ

ื›ื˜ ื”ื‘ื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืฉืžื•; ืฉืื• ืžื ื—ื” ื•ื‘ืื• ืœืคื ื™ื•

ื”ืฉืชื—ื•ื• ืœื”ืณ ื‘ื”ื“ืจืช ืงื“ืฉืƒ ืœ ื—ื™ืœื• ืžืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ

ืืฃ ืชื›ื•ืŸ ืชื‘ืœ ื‘ืœ ืชืžื•ื˜ืƒ ืœื ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื•ืชื’ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ

ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ืณ ืžืœืšืƒ ืœื‘ ื™ืจืขื ื”ื™ื ื•ืžืœื•ืื•

ื™ืขืœืฅ ื”ืฉื“ื” ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืƒ ืœื’ ืื– ื™ืจื ื ื• ืขืฆื™ ื”ื™ืขืจ;

ืžืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื›ื™ ื‘ื ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ืœื“ ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘

ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•ืƒ ืœื” ื•ืืžืจื• ื”ื•ืฉื™ืขื ื• ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืขื ื•

ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ื— ื‘ืชื”ืœืชืšืƒ ืœื• ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ

ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ื”ืขืœื; ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืณืƒ

ืœื– ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ืœืืกืฃ ื•ืœืื—ื™ื•; ืœืฉืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•ืƒ ืœื— ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื•ืื—ื™ื”ื ืฉืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืžื•ื ื”;
ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื‘ืŸ ื™ื“ื™ืชื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืกื” ืœืฉืขืจื™ืืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ืืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืณ ื‘ื‘ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸืƒ ืž ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœืขืจื‘; ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ืžื ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืงื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•ืƒ ืžื‘ ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื—ืฆืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืชื™ื ืœืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ื•ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืืœืงื™ื; ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ืœืฉืขืจืƒ ืžื’ ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืื™ืฉ ืœื‘ื™ืชื•; ื•ื™ืกื‘ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืชื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

ื•ืขืžื”ื: ืจืดืœ ืขื ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ื›ื•ืณ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื–:ืžื‘

To summarize: the ืžืฉื›ืŸ remains in Givon for now, with ืฆื“ื•ืง as the ื›ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ and ื”ื™ืžืŸ as the leader of the ืžืฉืจืจื™ื, the Levites who sang as part of the ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. The regular order of sacrifices continued there, with the ื›ื”ื ื™ื blowing the ื—ืฆืฆืจื•ืช. In Jerusalem, thereโ€™s another religious center, with ื›ื”ื ื™ื blowing ื—ืฆืฆืจื•ืช and ืืกืฃ as the leader of the ืžืฉืจืจื™ื. Itโ€™s not clear here, but ืื‘ื™ืชืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ who has been with David since his days on the run is the leader of the ื›ื”ื ื™ื in Jerusalem. What sort of religious ceremonies happened in Jerusalem? The Seder Olam says that the psalm of ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• was said every day:

ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืžืŸ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€ฆื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืื– ื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืจืืฉ ื•ื’ื•ืณ: ื‘ืฉื—ืจ ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื โ€ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ , ืขื“ โ€ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ , ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื โ€ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื”ืณ ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ , ืขื“ โ€ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืžืŸ ื•ื”ืœืœ ืœื”ืณโ€œ , ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืฉืœืฉ ืฉื ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ืขื“ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืฉืœืžื” ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ื.

ืกื“ืจ ืขื•ืœื ืจื‘ื” (ืœื™ื™ื ืจ) ืคืจืง ื™ื“

and in fact, ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• is a digest of three ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื:โ€Ž 105, 96 and 106. The part that Seder Olam attributes to the morning is 105; the afternoon psalms are the rest. I would propose that the three chapters of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื correspond to the three times of prayer; there are two โ€œafternoonโ€ ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื corresponding to our ืžื ื—ื” and ืžืขืจื™ื‘. The concept of three-times-a-day prayer is an ancient one, mentioned in ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื:

ื ืœึทืžึฐื ึทืฆึผึตื—ึท ื‘ึผึดื ึฐื’ึดื™ื ึนืช ืžึทืฉื‚ึฐื›ึผึดื™ืœ ืœึฐื“ึธื•ึดื“ืƒ
ื‘ ื”ึทืึฒื–ึดื™ื ึธื” ืึฑึพืœึนื”ึดื™ื ืชึผึฐืคึดืœึผึธืชึดื™; ื•ึฐืึทืœ ืชึผึดืชึฐืขึทืœึผึทื ืžึดืชึผึฐื—ึดื ึผึธืชึดื™ืƒ
โ€ฆ ื™ื— ืขึถืจึถื‘ ื•ึธื‘ึนืงึถืจ ื•ึฐืฆึธื”ึณืจึทื™ึดื ืึธืฉื‚ึดื™ื—ึธื” ื•ึฐืึถื”ึฑืžึถื”; ื•ึทื™ึผึดืฉืึฐืžึทืข ืงื•ึนืœึดื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื”

So they sang at the ืืจื•ืŸ. Did they offer sacrifices as well? Radak thinks so:

ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ื•ื›ื•ืณ: ืขื–ื‘ ืฉื ืืกืฃ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืชืžื™ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ืœืฉืจืช ื•ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ื•ืœื–ืžืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• ืžืขืœื•ืช ืขื•ืœื•ืช ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืžืงืจื™ื‘ ื‘ื‘ืžื” ืงื˜ื ื”.

ืจื“ืดืง, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื–:ืœื–

But most commentators assume that the ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืฉืœืžื™ื of the inauguration were one time only; the implication of the text is that ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœืขืจื‘ was only at the ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืณ ื‘ื‘ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸ. The only service in Jerusalem was song:

ืœืฉืจืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืชืžื™ื“: ื‘ืฉื™ืจ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื–:ืœื–

But where does that song come from? The ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” as we know was the ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช; the only โ€œmusicโ€ mentioned in the Torah is the ื—ืฆืฆืจื•ืช:

ื ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ืœืืžืจืƒ ื‘ ืขืฉื” ืœืš ืฉืชื™ ื—ืฆื•ืฆืจืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืงืฉื” ืชืขืฉื” ืืชื; ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœืš ืœืžืงืจื ื”ืขื“ื” ื•ืœืžืกืข ืืช ื”ืžื—ื ื•ืชืƒ โ€ฆื— ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื™ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื—ืฆืฆืจื•ืช; ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืœื—ืงืช ืขื•ืœื ืœื“ืจืชื™ื›ืืƒ โ€ฆื™ ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžื—ืชื›ื ื•ื‘ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ื•ื‘ืจืืฉื™ ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืชืงืขืชื ื‘ื—ืฆืฆืจืช ืขืœ ืขืœืชื™ื›ื ื•ืขืœ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ ืฉืœืžื™ื›ื; ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ืœื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœืคื ื™ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืื ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ืืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื™

And that was by the ื›ื”ื ื™ื. Where do the singing Levites come from?


We saw that David appointed some Levites to be ืฉืขืจื™ื, โ€gatekeepersโ€œ, the support staff of the ืžืงื“ืฉ, and others to be ืžืฉืจืจื™ื:

ื˜ื• ื•ื™ืฉืื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ืžืฉื” ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืชืคื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื”ืืƒ

ื˜ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœืฉืจื™ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืืช ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉืจืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื›ื ืจื•ืช ื•ืžืฆืœืชื™ื ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื ื‘ืงื•ืœ ืœืฉืžื—ื”ืƒ

ื™ื– ื•ื™ืขืžื™ื“ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ืืœ ื•ืžืŸ ืื—ื™ื• ืืกืฃ ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืจื›ื™ื”ื•;
ื•ืžืŸ ื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™ ืื—ื™ื”ื ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืงื•ืฉื™ื”ื•ืƒ ื™ื— ื•ืขืžื”ื ืื—ื™ื”ื ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื; ื–ื›ืจื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ื•ื™ืขื–ื™ืืœ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื•ืขื ื™ ืืœื™ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื• ื•ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื•ืืœื™ืคืœื”ื• ื•ืžืงื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืืœ ื”ืฉืขืจื™ืืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื”ืžืฉืจืจื™ื ื”ื™ืžืŸ ืืกืฃ ื•ืื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืฆืœืชื™ื ื ื—ืฉืช ืœื”ืฉืžื™ืขืƒ ื› ื•ื–ื›ืจื™ื” ื•ืขื–ื™ืืœ ื•ืฉืžื™ืจืžื•ืช ื•ื™ื—ื™ืืœ ื•ืขื ื™ ื•ืืœื™ืื‘ ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื• ื•ื‘ื ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื ื‘ืœื™ื ืขืœ ืขืœืžื•ืชืƒ ื›ื ื•ืžืชืชื™ื”ื• ื•ืืœื™ืคืœื”ื• ื•ืžืงื ื™ื”ื• ื•ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืขื™ืืœ ื•ืขื–ื–ื™ื”ื• ื‘ื›ื ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืช ืœื ืฆื—ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ื›ื ื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื ื™ืกืจ ื‘ืžืฉื ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

Did he invent this himself? Is there a ืžืฆื•ื” for ืฉื™ืจื”?

Thereโ€™s an argument in the gemara:

ืชื ื• ืจื‘ื ืŸ: ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืžืขื›ื‘ ืืช ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ; ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื: ืื™ื ื• ืžืขื›ื‘.

ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื,ื

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืžื ื™ืŸ ืœืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”? ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—) โ€ื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื•โ€œ ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ืฉื? ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื”. ื•ืื™ืžื ื ืฉื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื? ืžื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™) โ€ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื•โ€œ ืžื›ืœืœ ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืื• ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื.

ืจื‘ ืžืชื ื” ืืžืจ ืžื”ื›ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื—) โ€ืชื—ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘โ€œ. ืื™ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘? ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื” ืฉื™ืจื”. ื•ืื™ืžื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื”? ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื˜) โ€ืคืงื•ื“ื™ ื”ืณ ื™ืฉืจื™ื ืžืฉืžื—ื™ ืœื‘โ€œ. ืžืฉืžื—ื™ ืœื‘ ืื™ืงืจื™; ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื ืื™ืงืจื™โ€ฆ

ื—ื–ืงื™ื” ืืžืจ ืžื”ื›ื (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื•) โ€ื•ื›ื ื ื™ื”ื• ืฉืจ ื”ืœื•ื™ื (ื™ืฉื•ืจ) ื‘ืžืฉื [ื‘ืžืฉื ื™ืกื•ืจ] ื›ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืโ€œ ืืœ ืชื™ืงืจื™ (ื™ืฉื•ืจ) [ื™ืกื•ืจ] ืืœื ื™ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืœื•ื•ื˜ื™.

ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ืžื”ื›ื (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“) โ€ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”โ€œ. ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”? ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื• ืฉื™ืจื”.

ืจื‘ื™ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืžืจ ืžื”ื›ื (ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคื) โ€ืฉืื• ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืชื ื• ืชื•ืฃ ื›ื ื•ืจ ื ืขื™ื ืขื ื ื‘ืœโ€œ.

ืจืดื  ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง ืืžืจ ืžื”ื›ื (ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื›ื“) โ€(ื”ื) [ื”ืžื”] ื™ืฉืื• ืงื•ืœื ื™ืจื•ื ื•; ื‘ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืฆึธื”ึฒืœื•ึผ ืžึดื™ึผึธืโ€œ.

ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื,ื

ื• ื•ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ื ื”ืœื•ื™ ืžืื—ื“ ืฉืขืจื™ืš ืžื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืจ ืฉื; ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื• ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณืƒ ื– ื•ืฉืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื”ืขืžื“ื™ื ืฉื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

ื— ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืณ ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™ ืœืฉืืช ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ืœืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ืœืฉืจืชื• ื•ืœื‘ืจืš ื‘ืฉืžื• ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ ื˜ ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœืœื•ื™ ื—ืœืง ื•ื ื—ืœื” ืขื ืื—ื™ื•; ื”ืณ ื”ื•ื ื ื—ืœืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ืœื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™

ืžื” ื•ื‘ืื• ืขืœื™ืš ื›ืœ ื”ืงืœืœื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื•ืจื“ืคื•ืš ื•ื”ืฉื™ื’ื•ืš ืขื“ ื”ืฉืžื“ืš; ื›ื™ ืœื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ืš ืœืฉืžืจ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ื• ื•ื—ืงืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ืšืƒ ืžื• ื•ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืš ืœืื•ืช ื•ืœืžื•ืคืช; ื•ื‘ื–ืจืขืš ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ ืžื– ืชื—ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขื‘ื“ืช ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ื‘ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ื‘ ืžืจื‘ ื›ืœืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื—

ืžื• ื›ืœ ื”ืคืงื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืคืงื“ ืžืฉื” ื•ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื ืฉื™ืื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื; ืœืžืฉืคื—ืชื ื•ืœื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ืชืืƒ ืžื– ืžื‘ืŸ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ื•ืžืขืœื” ื•ืขื“ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืฉื ื”; ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืœืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“ื” ื•ืขื‘ื“ืช ืžืฉื ื‘ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ืƒ ืžื— ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืคืงื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืžื ืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื•ืฉืžื ื™ืืƒ ืžื˜ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืณ ืคืงื“ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ ืžืฉื” ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ืชื• ื•ืขืœ ืžืฉืื•; ื•ืคืงื“ื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืณ ืืช ืžืฉื”ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื“

ืขื‘ื“ืช ืขื‘ื“ื”: ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืฆืœืชื™ื ื•ื›ื ื•ืจื•ืช, ืฉื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื—ืจืช. ื•ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืžืฉื: ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“:ืžื–

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืขืœ ื”ื’ืชื™ืช ืœืืกืฃืƒ
ื‘ ื”ืจื ื™ื ื• ืœืืœืงื™ื ืขื•ื–ื ื•; ื”ืจื™ืขื• ืœืืœืงื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ืƒ
ื’ ืฉืื• ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืชื ื• ืชืฃ; ื›ื ื•ืจ ื ืขื™ื ืขื ื ื‘ืœืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืคื

ื™ื‘ ื ึดืฉืึฐืึทืจ ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ืจ ืฉืึทืžึผึธื”; ื•ึผืฉืึฐืึดื™ึผึธื” ื™ึปื›ึผึทืช ืฉืึธืขึทืจืƒ ื™ื’ ื›ึผึดื™ ื›ึนื” ื™ึดื”ึฐื™ึถื” ื‘ึผึฐืงึถืจึถื‘ ื”ึธืึธืจึถืฅ ื‘ึผึฐืชื•ึนืšึฐ ื”ึธืขึทืžึผึดื™ื ื›ึผึฐื ึนืงึถืฃ ื–ึทื™ึดืช ื›ึผึฐืขื•ึนืœึตืœึนืช ืึดื ื›ึผึธืœึธื” ื‘ึธืฆึดื™ืจืƒ ื™ื“ ื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืื•ึผ ืงื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึธืจึนื ึผื•ึผ; ื‘ึผึดื’ึฐืื•ึนืŸ ื”ืณ ืฆึธื”ึฒืœื•ึผ ืžึดื™ึผึธืืƒ ื˜ื• ืขึทืœ ื›ึผึตืŸ ื‘ึผึธืึปืจึดื™ื ื›ึผึทื‘ึผึฐื“ื•ึผ ื”ืณ; ื‘ึผึฐืึดื™ึผึตื™ ื”ึทื™ึผึธื ืฉืึตื ื”ืณ ืึฑึพืœึนื”ึตื™ ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืจึธืึตืœืƒ

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื›ื“

This last is harder to figure out; what does the ื”ึตืžึผึธื” ื™ึดืฉื‚ึฐืื•ึผ ืงื•ึนืœึธื ื™ึธืจึนื ึผื•ึผ of the eschaton have to do with ืฉื™ืจื” in the ืžืงื“ืฉ? The gemara explains that ืจืดื  ื‘ืจ ื™ืฆื—ืง is actually bringing a ื“ืจืฉื” from the Torah:

ื•ืชื ื ืžื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื” ืžื”ื›ื: ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื™ืฉืื•, ืžืžืฉืžืข ืฉื ืืžืจ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ, ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื™ืฉืื•? ืžื” ืชืดืœ ื™ืฉืื•? ืื™ืŸ ื™ืฉืื• ืืœื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื™ืจื”, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ: ืฉืื• ื–ืžืจื” ื•ืชื ื• ืชื•ืฃ, ื•ืื•ืžืจ: ื™ืฉืื• ืงื•ืœื ื™ืจื•ื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณ

ืขืจื›ื™ืŸ ื™ื,ื

ืžื™ื™ืชื™ ืœื” ืžื”ื›ื: ืœืขื™ืงืจ ืฉื™ืจื” ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉื

So we have three amoraim who learn the ืžืฆื•ื” of ืฉื™ืจื” from the Torah and two who learn it from David or Asaf; presumably the latter hold that ืฉื™ืจื” is only a ืžืฆื•ื” ื“ืจื‘ื ืŸ.


And this is reflected in a disagreement in the ืžืคืจืฉื™ื:

ื˜ื– ื•ืืœื” ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ; ืžืžื ื•ื— ื”ืืจื•ืŸืƒ ื™ื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืจืชื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“ ื‘ืฉื™ืจ ืขื“ ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœืžื” ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื; ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื•

ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื: ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจ ื”ืขืžื™ื“ืŸ ื“ื•ื“.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•:ื™ื–

ื•ื™ืขืžื“ื• ื›ืžืฉืคื˜ื ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื: ื”ื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื•ื›ืŸ ืืžืจ ื‘ืชื•ืจื” ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงืจื‘ื ื•ืช.

ืจื“ืดืง, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื•:ื™ื–

ื ื–ืจืข ืœื•ื™ ื›ื•ืœื• ืžื•ื‘ื“ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืณ ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืœื•ื™โ€œ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™:ื—); ื•ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ื ืคื ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ืžื•ื›ื ื™ืŸ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืจืฆื• ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ืจืฆื• ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื”ืœื•ื™ ื”ื•ื ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืื•ื”ืœ ืžื•ืขื“โ€œ (ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื—:ื›ื’)โ€ฆ

ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ืžืจื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืŸ ืฉื•ืขืจื™ืŸ ืœืคืชื•ื— ืฉืขืจื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ืœื”ื’ื™ืฃ ื“ืœืชื•ืชื™ื•; ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ืŸ ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ืŸ ืœืฉื•ืจืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื‘ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื ืืžืจ โ€ื•ืฉื™ืจืช ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ืืœื•ืงื™ื• ื›ื›ืœ ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืœื•ื™ื™ืโ€œ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื—:ื–) ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืฉื ื”ืณ ื”ื•ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ื–ื• ืฉื™ืจื”.

ืžืฉื ื” ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ืคืจืง ื’