The story of the bulk of פרק כה (which I will call ספר אביגיל; she is considered a נביאה in her own right) is important enough that I want to go through it first inside, without comment, then analyze it.
מי נבל ומי כלבי
The irony of Naval’s question, מי דוד ומי בן ישי, is that we know exactly who David is; it’s Naval himself that is the mystery.
Obviously, Avigail translates Naval’s name with the literal Hebrew word for “fool” or “ingrate”, but it’s hard to imagine that his parents named him that! Rav Bazak suggests that it is from the Arabic, نُبْل, /nub’l/, “nobility, generosity”, but it is unclear to me whether that is a loan-word from the Latin or if it is truly Semitic. I have also read (though I can’t find it now) that it may be from נֶבֶל, ”harp“, a larger version of the כִּנּוֹר. Names do not determine fate, though they are often interpreted significantly both in the תנ״ךand in חז״ל (see ברכות ז,ב and the discussion in the Artscroll Gemara):
And what does כלבי mean? Again, we can interpret it midrashically:
But the literal sense in generally understood to be “from the family of כלב בן יפונה”:
Which is very interesting in its own right. Ran Medan had a long article in Megadim on this entire incident, and points the implication of Naval’s family. We know the yichus of David:
And it was known that the kingship would eventually descend through פרץ בן יהודה:
And נחשון בן עמינדב was the נשיא of שבט יהודה, so David has some claim to the hereditary leadership. But פרץ had other descendents:
Note that חז״ל identify this כלב בן חצרון as the כלב בן יפונה of the story of the spies:
And he himself became a נשיא:
So the conflict between David and Naval may well have been much larger than an argument about food at a sheep-shearing party. It was an argument about the destiny of the future kingdom of Israel.
Down the Garden Path
Looking at our perek as a literary text, it does two things that are not very תנ״ך-y. First, the narrator makes an explicit judgment about Naval: והאיש קשה ורע מעללים. Usually תנ״ך just shows us the actions and words of the characters, and allows us to form our own judgments. Sometimes the text tells rather than shows (like with נח: נח איש צדיק תמים היה בדרתיו) but that’s generally when there is no story told; the text summarizes the superfluous backstory. Here we immediately see an example of Naval’s evil; there’s no need for the judgment.
And the text juxtaposes the death of Samuel with the story of Naval’s sheep-shearing party to emphasize Naval’s grossness:
Naval’s sarcastic comment to David’s men, היום רבו עבדים המתפרצים איש מפני אדניו, emphasizes how rude he is. It has three meanings:
It is an insult to David, who is supposed to to be a loyal subject of Saul, but who is instead engaged in active rebellion.
As Rav Medan points out, it is an insult to all of David’s men. They are described as (שמואל א כב:ב) כל איש אשר לו נשא, everyone who had a creditor. Halachically, if one cannot pay a debt, one can be sold as an עבד עברי to pay it off. Instead, these men are running away into the desert.
And the unusual term מתפרצים is a hint to what we discussed above. Naval is saying about David, “look who is claiming to be a בן פרץ; this עבד thinks he’s qualified to be king!”
The other aspect that is unusual for תנ״ך is that we don’t get the necessary story. Usually when there is repetition in the text, first we have the narration of what happened, then one or more reports by the characters (like the story of רבקה and אליעזר). Here we only have the two reports, one by David to his men to tell Naval, and the other by Naval’s shepherd to Avigail.
I think that the נביא does this to try to force our expectations, in order to make the conflict that much stronger. We go into pasuk יג, David’s reaction, “knowing” what will happen. David is a wonderful person; he trusts in ה׳, he believes (last perek) מרשעים יצא רשע, he just spared the person who was actively trying to kill him. Naval is a terrible, selfish person. David will obviously make a poetic declaration that the evil one will suffer from his own wrongdoing, that David will trust in ה׳'s mercy and all will be right in the end.
The vehemence of David’s reply, and its crudity (משתין בקיר‽) shocks us. And what’s worse, when we get the report from Naval’s men about what really happened, it turns out that Naval is technically correct:
And further, after we see David’s response, the text calls up an allusion that casts David in the worst possible light. רב יובל שרלו of Yeshivat Petach Tikvah points out the parallel to the meeting of Yaakov and Esav:
The text presents Avigail preparing her tribute to David making the parallel between herself and Yaakov, preparing to appease Esav. Which make David the Esav in this story—the bad guy! Suddenly throw-away line from when we first met David becomes ominously significant (שמואל א טז:יב) והוא אדמוני עם יפה עינים וטוב ראי. Shades of (בראשית כה:כה) ויצא הראשון אדמוני! What happened to the David of the previous 9 chapters, whom ה׳ called (שמואל ב ג,יד) דוד עבדי? Is David a criminal warlord, running some kind of protection scheme (“Nice flock you got here. Pity if anything would happen to it…”), extorting money from the local businessmen?
משפט וצדקה
One answer is that this is a strength of תנ״ך: it does not minimize the foibles of its heroes. David is just as human as the next man; he loses his temper, does rash things, isn’t always perfect in his faith. But we neeed to look deeper. Who is this “next man” that David is “just as human as”?
I cannot remember where I read this point, but I think it is the key to understanding the placement and depiction of this “ספר אביגיל”. It is the axis around which rotates the chiasmus that describes David’s rise to מלכות. And the text highlights the comparison to Saul.
The text is pointing out that David is not perfect, and that he may still fall into the trap that ended Saul’s reign. What makes us sure that David will be able to found the dynasty that fulfils Yaakov’s blessing (בראשית מט:י) לא יסור שבט מיהודה? First, why did Saul lose his dynasty? What was so unforgiveably wrong with sparing Agag? We dealt with this when we looked at the massacre of Nob:
Sparing Agag did not in itself disqualify Saul from kingship. If he was simply a רחמן, a person of excessive mercy, that could be corrected. But murdering the kohanim of Nob showed that instead, Saul had no judgment at all. He spared Agag for other reasons: prehaps, a sense of common nobility with another king, as opposed to the hoi polloi. This is Saul’s fatal flaw: he has no judgment. He is swayed by the people, he lets his emotions rule his behavior, and ends up in a downward spiral that ends with his ignominious suicide.
And being a king had two responsibilities. In wartime, he was the warlord, which Saul fulfilled admirably. But in peace, he was required to be the chief justice:
And that requires judgment, the ability to balance משפט and צדקה:
The Ramchal explains (in the context of explaining ה׳'s רחמים and דין) that justice determines guilt or innocence. Mercy determines the timing and extent of the punishment:
But there is no sense of משפט and צדקה that allows one to, on the one hand, spare Agag for the evils of Amlek and, on the other hand, massacre Nob for being מורד במלכות. Saul is simply not qualified to be king.
If we look carefully at the last two stories of David, his sparing of Saul and almost killing Naval and his family, the similarities to Saul’s situation are striking. Both spare the enemy king after they are advised to kill them, and even have halachic justification for killing them. The Targum uses the same word to describe their decisions:
And then they threaten to kill those they see as being מורד במלכות, along with their entire families. And the text tells us that David fails this test, just as Saul did. He is on his way to wipe out Naval and all his family. The difference, though, is that David, while not perfect, can learn. He admits his error immediately. Both David and Saul are confronted by a נביא, Saul by Samuel in the Agag incident, and David by Avigail in this story. In both there is a paragraph break after the prophet’s speech:
A פרשה break has a specific meaning in תנ״ך:
Both stop and think. But Saul stops and comes up with excuses, and David stops and comes up with חרטה. And he is able to fulfill both roles of the king: