ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Import-Extort Business

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

The story of the bulk of ืคืจืง ื›ื” (which I will call ืกืคืจ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ; she is considered a ื ื‘ื™ืื” in her own right) is important enough that I want to go through it first inside, without comment, then analyze it.

ื‘ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื“ ื•ืœื• ืฆืืŸ ืฉืœืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ื•ืืœืฃ ืขื–ื™ื; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื’ื–ื– ืืช ืฆืื ื• ื‘ื›ืจืžืœืƒ ื’ ื•ืฉื ื”ืื™ืฉ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉื ืืฉืชื• ืื‘ื’ื™ืœ; ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื˜ื•ื‘ืช ืฉื›ืœ ื•ื™ืคืช ืชืืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืงืฉื” ื•ืจืข ืžืขืœืœื™ื ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื‘ื• (ื›ืœื‘ื™)ืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ; ื›ื™ ื’ื–ื– ื ื‘ืœ ืืช ืฆืื ื•ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉืจื” ื ืขืจื™ื; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืขืจื™ื ืขืœื• ื›ืจืžืœื” ื•ื‘ืืชื ืืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืฉืืœืชื ืœื• ื‘ืฉืžื™ ืœืฉืœื•ืืƒ ื• ื•ืืžืจืชื ื›ื” ืœื—ื™; ื•ืืชื” ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื‘ื™ืชืš ืฉืœื•ื ื•ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœืš ืฉืœื•ืืƒ ื– ื•ืขืชื” ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื›ื™ ื’ื–ื–ื™ื ืœืš; ืขืชื” ื”ืจืขื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœืš ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื ื• ืœื ื”ื›ืœืžื ื•ื ื•ืœื ื ืคืงื“ ืœื”ื ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืจืžืœืƒ ื— ืฉืืœ ืืช ื ืขืจื™ืš ื•ื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœืš ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื›ื™ ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื•; ืชื ื” ื ื ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืžืฆื ื™ื“ืš ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ืš ื•ืœื‘ื ืš ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื ืขืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื ื•ื—ื•ืƒ ื™ ื•ื™ืขืŸ ื ื‘ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™; ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื•ืƒ ื™ื ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ืœื—ืžื™ ื•ืืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื•ืืช ื˜ื‘ื—ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื˜ื‘ื—ืชื™ ืœื’ื–ื–ื™; ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืื™ ืžื–ื” ื”ืžื”ืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ื ืขืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื“ืจื›ื; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื•ื™ื’ื“ื• ืœื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”ืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื ืฉื™ื• ื—ื’ืจื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ื—ื’ืจื• ืื™ืฉ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ื—ื’ืจ ื’ื ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื—ืจื‘ื•; ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื›ืœื™ืืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืฉืช ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื’ื™ื“ ื ืขืจ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืขืจื™ื ืœืืžืจ; ื”ื ื” ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืžื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืจืš ืืช ืื“ื ื™ื ื• ื•ื™ืขื˜ ื‘ื”ืืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื˜ื‘ื™ื ืœื ื• ืžืื“; ื•ืœื ื”ื›ืœืžื ื• ื•ืœื ืคืงื“ื ื• ืžืื•ืžื” ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ืชื”ืœื›ื ื• ืืชื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ื‘ืฉื“ื”ืƒ ื˜ื– ื—ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ื’ื ืœื™ืœื” ื’ื ื™ื•ืžื ื›ืœ ื™ืžื™ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื• ืขืžื ืจืขื™ื ื”ืฆืืŸืƒ ื™ื– ื•ืขืชื” ื“ืขื™ ื•ืจืื™ ืžื” ืชืขืฉื™ ื›ื™ ื›ืœืชื” ื”ืจืขื” ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ื ื• ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื•; ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืืœื™ื•ืƒ ื™ื— ื•ืชืžื”ืจ ืื‘ื•ื’ื™ืœ (ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ) ื•ืชืงื— ืžืืชื™ื ืœื—ื ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฆืืŸ ืขืฉื•ื•ืช (ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช) ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืกืื™ื ืงืœื™ ื•ืžืื” ืฆืžืงื™ื ื•ืžืืชื™ื ื“ื‘ืœื™ื; ื•ืชืฉื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžืจื™ืืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื ืขืจื™ื” ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืื”; ื•ืœืื™ืฉื” ื ื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื”ืƒ ื› ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืจื›ื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื™ืจื“ืช ื‘ืกืชืจ ื”ื”ืจ ื•ื”ื ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืื ืฉื™ื• ื™ืจื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืชื”; ื•ืชืคื’ืฉ ืืชืืƒ ื›ื ื•ื“ื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืืš ืœืฉืงืจ ืฉืžืจืชื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื–ื” ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื ืคืงื“ ืžื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ืžืื•ืžื”; ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืœื™ ืจืขื” ืชื—ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื”ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื›ื” ื™ืขืฉื” ืืœืงื™ื ืœืื™ื‘ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ื” ื™ืกื™ืฃ; ืื ืืฉืื™ืจ ืžื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ืขื“ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ืžืฉืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืจืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ืชืจื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืชืžื”ืจ ื•ืชืจื“ ืžืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ; ื•ืชืคืœ ืœืืคื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ื” ื•ืชืฉืชื—ื• ืืจืฅืƒ ื›ื“ ื•ืชืคืœ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืชืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืŸ; ื•ืชื“ื‘ืจ ื ื ืืžืชืš ื‘ืื–ื ื™ืš ื•ืฉืžืข ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืืžืชืšืƒ ื›ื” ืืœ ื ื ื™ืฉื™ื ืื“ื ื™ ืืช ืœื‘ื• ืืœ ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ื”ื–ื” ืขืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืฉืžื• ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ื‘ืœ ืฉืžื• ื•ื ื‘ืœื” ืขืžื•; ื•ืื ื™ ืืžืชืš ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืืช ื ืขืจื™ ืื“ื ื™ ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื—ืชืƒ ื›ื• ื•ืขืชื” ืื“ื ื™ ื—ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ื—ื™ ื ืคืฉืš ืืฉืจ ืžื ืขืš ื”ืณ ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืฉืข ื™ื“ืš ืœืš; ื•ืขืชื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ื›ื ื‘ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš ื•ื”ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืืœ ืื“ื ื™ ืจืขื”ืƒ ื›ื– ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื—ืชืš ืœืื“ื ื™; ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœื ืขืจื™ื ื”ืžืชื”ืœื›ื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืœื™ ืื“ื ื™ืƒ ื›ื— ืฉื ื ื ืœืคืฉืข ืืžืชืš; ื›ื™ ืขืฉื” ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืณ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื ืืžืŸ ื›ื™ ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืณ ืื“ื ื™ ื ืœื—ื ื•ืจืขื” ืœื ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืš ืžื™ืžื™ืšืƒ ื›ื˜ ื•ื™ืงื ืื“ื ืœืจื“ืคืš ื•ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื ืคืฉืš; ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ื ืคืฉ ืื“ื ื™ ืฆืจื•ืจื” ื‘ืฆืจื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื•ืืช ื ืคืฉ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš ื™ืงืœืขื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื›ืฃ ื”ืงืœืขืƒ ืœ ื•ื”ื™ื” ื›ื™ ื™ืขืฉื” ื”ืณ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื›ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ืš ื•ืฆื•ืš ืœื ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ืœื ื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืืช ืœืš ืœืคื•ืงื” ื•ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœื‘ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื•ืœืฉืคืš ื“ื ื—ื ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืื“ื ื™ ืœื•; ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืณ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ืืžืชืšืƒ

ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ืœ; ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื—ืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืงืจืืชื™ืƒ ืœื’ ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ื˜ืขืžืš ื•ื‘ืจื•ื›ื” ืืช; ืืฉืจ ื›ืœืชื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ื ื‘ื“ืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฉืข ื™ื“ื™ ืœื™ืƒ ืœื“ ื•ืื•ืœื ื—ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืžื ืขื ื™ ืžื”ืจืข ืืชืš; ื›ื™ ืœื•ืœื™ ืžื”ืจืช ื•ืชื‘ืืชื™ (ื•ืชื‘ืืช) ืœืงืจืืชื™ ื›ื™ ืื ื ื•ืชืจ ืœื ื‘ืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจ ืžืฉืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืจืƒ ืœื” ื•ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื“ื” ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืœื•; ื•ืœื” ืืžืจ ืขืœื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื ืœื‘ื™ืชืš ืจืื™ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœืš ื•ืืฉื ืคื ื™ืšืƒ ืœื• ื•ืชื‘ื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืœ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื”ื ื” ืœื• ืžืฉืชื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื• ื›ืžืฉืชื” ื”ืžืœืš ื•ืœื‘ ื ื‘ืœ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืจ ืขื“ ืžืื“; ื•ืœื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื” ืœื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื“ ืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืงืจืƒ ืœื– ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืจ ื‘ืฆืืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ื‘ืœ ื•ืชื’ื“ ืœื• ืืฉืชื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”; ื•ื™ืžืช ืœื‘ื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืื‘ืŸืƒ ืœื— ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืขืฉืจืช ื”ื™ืžื™ื; ื•ื™ื’ืฃ ื”ืณ ืืช ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืžืชืƒ ืœื˜ ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ืžืช ื ื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืจื‘ ืืช ืจื™ื‘ ื—ืจืคืชื™ ืžื™ื“ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื—ืฉืš ืžืจืขื” ื•ืืช ืจืขืช ื ื‘ืœ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ื”ืณ ื‘ืจืืฉื•; ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืœืงื—ืชื” ืœื• ืœืืฉื”ืƒ ืž ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื”; ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืœื™ื” ืœืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืืœื™ืš ืœืงื—ืชืš ืœื• ืœืืฉื”ืƒ ืžื ื•ืชืงื ื•ืชืฉืชื—ื• ืืคื™ื ืืจืฆื”; ื•ืชืืžืจ ื”ื ื” ืืžืชืš ืœืฉืคื—ื” ืœืจื—ืฅ ืจื’ืœื™ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืƒ ืžื‘ ื•ืชืžื”ืจ ื•ืชืงื ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื•ืชืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ื—ืžื•ืจ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ื ืขืจืชื™ื” ื”ื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืœืจื’ืœื”; ื•ืชืœืš ืื—ืจื™ ืžืœืื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืœื• ืœืืฉื”ืƒ ืžื’ ื•ืืช ืื—ื™ื ืขื ืœืงื— ื“ื•ื“ ืžื™ื–ืจืขืืœ; ื•ืชื”ื™ื™ืŸ ื’ื ืฉืชื™ื”ืŸ ืœื• ืœื ืฉื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื”

ืžื™ ื ื‘ืœ ื•ืžื™ ื›ืœื‘ื™

The irony of Navalโ€™s question, ืžื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ืžื™ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™, is that we know exactly who David is; itโ€™s Naval himself that is the mystery.

Obviously, Avigail translates Navalโ€™s name with the literal Hebrew word for โ€œfoolโ€ or โ€œingrateโ€, but itโ€™s hard to imagine that his parents named him that! Rav Bazak suggests that it is from the Arabic, ู†ูุจู’ู„, /nubโ€™l/, โ€œnobility, generosityโ€, but it is unclear to me whether that is a loan-word from the Latin or if it is truly Semitic. I have also read (though I canโ€™t find it now) that it may be from ื ึถื‘ึถืœ, โ€harpโ€œ, a larger version of the ื›ึดึผื ึผื•ึนืจ. Names do not determine fate, though they are often interpreted significantly both in the ืชื ืดืšand in ื—ื–ืดืœ (see ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื–,ื‘ and the discussion in the Artscroll Gemara):

ืœื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื‘ื ืื—ื™ืš ื‘ืžืจืžื”; ื•ื™ืงื— ื‘ืจื›ืชืšืƒ ืœื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ื™ืขืงื‘ ื•ื™ืขืงื‘ื ื™ ื–ื” ืคืขืžื™ื ืืช ื‘ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืงื— ื•ื”ื ื” ืขืชื” ืœืงื— ื‘ืจื›ืชื™; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืœื ืืฆืœืช ืœื™ ื‘ืจื›ื”ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ื›ื–

ื•ืฉื ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ืžื›ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืžื“ื™ื ื™ืช ื–ืžืจื™ ื‘ืŸ ืกืœื•ื; ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืœืฉืžืขื ื™ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื”:ื™ื“

ืืดืจ ื™ื•ื—ื ืŸ ื—ืžืฉื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื–ืžืจื™ ื•ื‘ืŸ ืกืœื•ื ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช ื•ืฉืœื•ืžื™ืืœ ื‘ืŸ ืฆื•ืจื™ืฉื“ื™. ื–ืžืจื™ ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ื›ื‘ื™ืฆื” ื”ืžื•ื–ืจืช. ื‘ืŸ ืกืœื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื”ืกืœื™ื ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•โ€ฆ

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ืคื‘,ื‘

ื›ื™ ืืขืดืค ืฉืœื ื ืงืจืื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืืœื ืฉืขื•ื ื•ืชื™ื• ื’ืจืžื• ืœื• ืฉื‘ื“ืงื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื•ื‘ืฉื ืื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ื•ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืื•ืจืข ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืš ืฉื ืจืฉืขื™ื ื™ืจืงื‘.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื”:ื™ื“

And what does ื›ืœื‘ื™ mean? Again, we can interpret it midrashically:

ื•ืืคืฉืจ ืœืคืจื™ืฉ ืฉื›ืดืฃ ืœืฉืžื•ืฉ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจืดืœ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืจืื” ืžืขืฉื™ื• ืจืขื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ื• ืจืข, ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ืžืขืฉื™ื”ื ื ืื™ื ื•ืœื‘ื ืจืข ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจื• ื•ื‘ืจื• ื›ืชื•ื›ื• ืœืจืขื”. ื•ื’ื ื”ืงืจื™ ื™ืฉ ืœืคืจืฉื• ืขืœ ื–ื” ื”ื“ืจืš ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืฉื•ืืœ ืžืžื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื‘ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœื™ื•โ€ฆ

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื”:ื’

ื•ืจืดืœ ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื• ื”ื™ื” ืชื›ื•ื ืชื• ื‘ืชื›ื•ื ืช ื”ื›ืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืฉื•ื ืื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ืžื™ื ื ื•ื™ื ื‘ื—ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ื‘ืื ืืฆืœื ื•ืœื ื™ื ื™ื—ื•ื ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืžื”ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื•ืืขืดืค ืฉืœื ื™ื’ืจืข ืžืžืื›ืœื ื“ื‘ืจ .

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉื

But the literal sense in generally understood to be โ€œfrom the family of ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื”โ€:

ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ื›ืœื‘

ืชืจื’ื•ื ืฉื

Which is very interesting in its own right. Ran Medan had a long article in Megadim on this entire incident, and points the implication of Navalโ€™s family. We know the yichus of David:

ื™ื— ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคืจืฅ ืคืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืจื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ืƒ ื› ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื”ืƒ ื›ื ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขื– ื•ื‘ืขื– ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ืƒ ื›ื‘ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื“ื•ื“ืƒ

ืจื•ืช ืคืจืง ื“

And it was known that the kingship would eventually descend through ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”:

ื”ื’ืžืจื ื‘ืžืกืณ ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช (ืขื•,ื‘) ืžื‘ืืจืช, ืฉืฉืื•ืœ ื—ืงืจ [ื›ืฉืฉืืœ โ€ื‘ืŸ ืžื™ื–ื” ื”ื ืขืจ?โ€œ, (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื, ื™ื–:ื ื”)] ืื ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื ื™ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืŸ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ืจืื•ื™ ืœืžืœื•ื›ื”. ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื, ืฉืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื”, ืฉื ืชืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžืดื˜, ื™), ืขื‘ืจ ืœื‘ื ื• . ืืš ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื”ื•ื, ืฉืžืคืจืฅ ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื›ื•ืจื• ืคืจืฅ, ืฉืงื ื‘ื™ื™ื‘ื•ื ืขืœ ืฉื ืขืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืช

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืžื“ืŸ, ืืžืจ ื ื‘ืœ ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืื™ืŸ ืึพืœื”ื™ื, ื“ืฃ 37

And ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ was the ื ืฉื™ื of ืฉื‘ื˜ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”, so David has some claim to the hereditary leadership. But ืคืจืฅ had other descendents:

ื’ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืขืจ ื•ืื•ื ืŸ ื•ืฉืœื” ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ืžื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข ื”ื›ื ืขื ื™ืช; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืขืจ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืžื™ืชื”ื•ืƒ ื“ ื•ืชืžืจ ื›ืœืชื• ื™ืœื“ื” ืœื• ืืช ืคืจืฅ ื•ืืช ื–ืจื—; ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื—ืžืฉื”ืƒ ื” ื‘ื ื™ ืคืจืฅ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื•ื—ืžื•ืœืƒ โ€ฆื˜ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ืืช ื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ื•ืืช ืจื ื•ืืช ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ืƒ ื™ ื•ืจื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘; ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”ืƒ โ€ฆื™ื— ื•ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขื–ื•ื‘ื” ืืฉื” ื•ืืช ื™ืจื™ืขื•ืช; ื•ืืœื” ื‘ื ื™ื” ื™ืฉืจ ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ืืจื“ื•ืŸืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ืชืžืช ืขื–ื•ื‘ื”; ื•ื™ืงื— ืœื• ื›ืœื‘ ืืช ืืคืจืช ื•ืชืœื“ ืœื• ืืช ื—ื•ืจืƒ ื› ื•ื—ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืื•ืจื™ ื•ืื•ืจื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืฆืœืืœืƒ ื›ื” ื•ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืจื; ื•ื‘ื•ื ื” ื•ืืจืŸ ื•ืืฆื ืื—ื™ื”ืƒ ื›ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ืืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ื•ืฉืžื” ืขื˜ืจื”; ื”ื™ื ืื ืื•ื ืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ื•ืืช ืจื ื•ืืœ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™. ื”ื•ื ื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ืงื“ืžื•ื™. ืืœื ืฉื ืฉื ืืฉื” ื’ื•ื™ื” ืœื”ืชืขื˜ืจ ื‘ื” ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืชื”ื™ื ืืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ื•ืฉืžื” ืขื˜ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืื ืื•ื ื ืฉื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืื ื™ื ื” ืœืชื•ืš ื‘ื™ืชื•. ื•ืจื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื•ืขื– ื•ื‘ื•ืขื– ื ืฉื ืืช ืจื•ืช. ื”ื ื ื‘ืœ ืืชื™ ืžืŸ ื“ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™. ืืžืจ ื ื‘ืœ ืœื™ืช ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจ ื˜ื‘ื™ืŸ ืกื’ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ. ื”ื“ื ื”ื•ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“. ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื“ืืชื™ ืžืŸ ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžื™ ื‘:ื’

Note that ื—ื–ืดืœ identify this ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ as the ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื•ื ื” of the story of the spies:

ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื ื” ื”ื•ื? ื‘ืŸ ืฉืคื ื” ืžืขืฆืช ืžืจื’ืœื™ื.

ืกื•ื˜ื” ื™ื,ื‘

And he himself became a ื ืฉื™ื:

ื– ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื ื—ืœื• ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืืจืฅ; ืืœืขื–ืจ ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ื‘ืŸ ื ื•ืŸืƒ ื™ื— ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ ืžืžื˜ื” ืชืงื—ื• ืœื ื—ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจืฅืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื; ืœืžื˜ื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœื‘ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืคื ื”ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ืœื“

So the conflict between David and Naval may well have been much larger than an argument about food at a sheep-shearing party. It was an argument about the destiny of the future kingdom of Israel.

Down the Garden Path

Looking at our perek as a literary text, it does two things that are not very ืชื ืดืš-y. First, the narrator makes an explicit judgment about Naval: ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ืงืฉื” ื•ืจืข ืžืขืœืœื™ื. Usually ืชื ืดืš just shows us the actions and words of the characters, and allows us to form our own judgments. Sometimes the text tells rather than shows (like with ื ื—:โ€Ž ื ื— ืื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืง ืชืžื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจืชื™ื•) but thatโ€™s generally when there is no story told; the text summarizes the superfluous backstory. Here we immediately see an example of Navalโ€™s evil; thereโ€™s no need for the judgment.

And the text juxtaposes the death of Samuel with the story of Navalโ€™s sheep-shearing party to emphasize Navalโ€™s grossness:

ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ืกืžื™ืš ืœื™ื” ื•ืื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืขื•ืŸ ื•ืžืขืฉื”ื• ื‘ื›ืจืžืœ ืืžืจ ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื›ืœ ืฆื•ื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื—ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืชืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื•ื”ืจืฉืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื•ืขืฉื” ืžืจื–ื™ื—ื™ืŸ, ืœืœืžื“ืš ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื›ื•ืคืจ ื‘ื’ืžื™ืœื•ืช ื—ืกื“ื™ื ื›ืืœื• ื›ืคืจ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ,.

ื™ืœืงื•ื˜ ืฉืžืขื•ื ื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื, ืคืจืง ื›ื”, ืจืžื– ืงืœื“

Navalโ€™s sarcastic comment to Davidโ€™s men, ื”ื™ื•ื ืจื‘ื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ื ื”ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื ืื™ืฉ ืžืคื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ื•, emphasizes how rude he is. It has three meanings:

  1. It is an insult to David, who is supposed to to be a loyal subject of Saul, but who is instead engaged in active rebellion.
  2. As Rav Medan points out, it is an insult to all of Davidโ€™s men. They are described as (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื‘)โ€Ž ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื ืฉื, everyone who had a creditor. Halachically, if one cannot pay a debt, one can be sold as an ืขื‘ื“ ืขื‘ืจื™ to pay it off. Instead, these men are running away into the desert.
  3. And the unusual term ืžืชืคืจืฆื™ื is a hint to what we discussed above. Naval is saying about David, โ€œlook who is claiming to be a ื‘ืŸ ืคืจืฅ; this ืขื‘ื“ thinks heโ€™s qualified to be king!โ€

The other aspect that is unusual for ืชื ืดืš is that we donโ€™t get the necessary story. Usually when there is repetition in the text, first we have the narration of what happened, then one or more reports by the characters (like the story of ืจื‘ืงื” and ืืœื™ืขื–ืจ). Here we only have the two reports, one by David to his men to tell Naval, and the other by Navalโ€™s shepherd to Avigail.

I think that the ื ื‘ื™ื does this to try to force our expectations, in order to make the conflict that much stronger. We go into pasuk ื™ื’, Davidโ€™s reaction, โ€œknowingโ€ what will happen. David is a wonderful person; he trusts in ื”ืณ, he believes (last perek) ืžืจืฉืขื™ื ื™ืฆื ืจืฉืข, he just spared the person who was actively trying to kill him. Naval is a terrible, selfish person. David will obviously make a poetic declaration that the evil one will suffer from his own wrongdoing, that David will trust in ื”ืณ's mercy and all will be right in the end.

The vehemence of Davidโ€™s reply, and its crudity (ืžืฉืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืงื™ืจโ€ฝ) shocks us. And whatโ€™s worse, when we get the report from Navalโ€™s men about what really happened, it turns out that Naval is technically correct:

ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื” ื—ื‘ื™ืจื•

This halachic analysis is from the Business Halacha Institutee.

ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ ืœืชื•ืš ืฉื“ื” ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืช ื•ื ื˜ืขื” ืื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉื“ื” ื”ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื™ื˜ืข ืื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืื“ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื™ืชืŸ ื‘ืฉื“ื” ื–ื• ืœื ื•ื˜ืขื” ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ ืžื‘ืขืœ ื”ืฉื“ื”.

ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืฉืขื”:ื

ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืขืžื“ื™ ื”ื•ืื™ืœ ื•ืœื ืฆื•ื™ืชื™ืš ืืœื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื›ืจื•.

ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืจืกื“:ื“, ื‘-ื”ื’ื”

ื”ืคื•ืจืข ื—ื•ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืจื• ืฉืœื ืžื“ืขืชื• ืืคื™ืณ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื˜ืจ ื•ืืคื™ืณ ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืžืฉื›ื•ืŸ ื•ื ื˜ืœื• ื–ื” ืฉืคืจืข ืื™ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืฉืœื ืœื•.

ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ืงื›ื—:ื

[The hypothetical case is Zvi and David shovel the snow from Mr. Winterโ€™s drive without being asked]

โ€œI still think that Mr. Winter should pay us the full rate,โ€ said David. โ€œHe didnโ€™t come home until Sunday afternoon and could have gotten a fine meanwhile. Also, someone could have slipped on his sidewalk and he would face a lawsuit!โ€

โ€œThat touches upon a whole other topic called mavriach ari, one who chases away a lion,โ€ said Rabbi Dayan. โ€œThe Gemara (B.K. 58a) teaches that if a person lays out money of his own volition to spare his friend a possible loss, such as to ward off a lion threatening his flock, he cannot legally demand reimbursement. (C.M. 128:1) Therefore, the fact that you spared Mr. Winter a potential fine or lawsuit is not sufficient grounds to obligate him.โ€ (Nesivos 264:1)

โ€œHow is this any different from the law of yored that we began with?โ€ asked Zvi.

โ€œIn this case, the owner did not receive any positive gain; he was just spared a possible loss,โ€ answered Rabbi Dayan. โ€œThe obligation to pay a yored is for the gain that the planter provided. (Tosfos s.v. e nami) Furthermore, Mr. Winter might not have gotten a fine anyway. Therefore, he has to pay for the gained benefit of having a clean, usable area, but not for being spared the potential loss of a fine or lawsuit.โ€

Rabbi Meir Orlian, Snow Job Part II

ืื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืขื ื™ืคื” ืขื™ื ื™ื

And further, after we see Davidโ€™s response, the text calls up an allusion that casts David in the worst possible light. ืจื‘ ื™ื•ื‘ืœ ืฉืจืœื• of Yeshivat Petach Tikvah points out the parallel to the meeting of Yaakov and Esav:

ืœื‘:ื– ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืœ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืœืืžืจ
ื‘ืื ื• ืืœ ืื—ื™ืš ืืœ ืขืฉื•
ื•ื’ื ื”ืœืš ืœืงืจืืชืš ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉ ืขืžื•ืƒ
ืœื‘:ื™ื“โ€ฆื•ื™ืงื— ืžืŸ ื”ื‘ื ื‘ื™ื“ื• ืžื ื—ื” ืœืขืฉื• ืื—ื™ื•ืƒ

ืœื‘:ื™ื– ื•ื™ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขื“ืจ ืขื“ืจ ืœื‘ื“ื•
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™โ€ฆืƒ
ืœื’:ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžื™ ืœืš ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ืคื’ืฉืชื™
ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœืžืฆื ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ืƒ
ืœื’:ื™ื ืงื— ื ื ืืช ื‘ืจื›ืชื™ ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืืช ืœืšโ€ฆ



ื™ื’โ€ฆื•ื™ืขืœื• ืื—ืจื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืืจื‘ืข ืžืื•ืช ืื™ืฉโ€ฆืƒ
ื™ื— ื•ืชืžื”ืจ ืื‘ื•ื’ื™ืœ (ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ) ื•ืชืงื— ืžืืชื™ื ืœื—ื
ื•ืฉื ื™ื ื ื‘ืœื™ ื™ื™ืŸ ื•ื—ืžืฉ ืฆืืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืชโ€ฆ
ื™ื˜ ื•ืชืืžืจ ืœื ืขืจื™ื”
ืขื‘ืจื• ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื ื ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื›ื ื‘ืื”โ€ฆ

ื›ื“ ื•ืชืคืœ ืขืœ ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ืชืืžืจ ื‘ื™ ืื ื™ ืื“ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ืŸโ€ฆ
ื›ื– ื•ืขืชื” ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ื™ื ืฉืคื—ืชืš ืœืื“ื ื™โ€ฆ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืชืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื”

The text presents Avigail preparing her tribute to David making the parallel between herself and Yaakov, preparing to appease Esav. Which make David the Esav in this storyโ€”the bad guy! Suddenly throw-away line from when we first met David becomes ominously significant (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–:ื™ื‘)โ€Ž ื•ื”ื•ื ืื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืขื ื™ืคื” ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืื™. Shades of (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ื›ื”:ื›ื”)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืฆื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืื“ืžื•ื ื™! What happened to the David of the previous 9 chapters, whom ื”ืณ called (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื’,ื™ื“)โ€Ž ื“ื•ื“ ืขื‘ื“ื™? Is David a criminal warlord, running some kind of protection scheme (โ€œNice flock you got here. Pity if anything would happen to itโ€ฆโ€), extorting money from the local businessmen?

ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”

One answer is that this is a strength of ืชื ืดืš: it does not minimize the foibles of its heroes. David is just as human as the next man; he loses his temper, does rash things, isnโ€™t always perfect in his faith. But we neeed to look deeper. Who is this โ€œnext manโ€ that David is โ€œjust as human asโ€?

I cannot remember where I read this point, but I think it is the key to understanding the placement and depiction of this โ€œืกืคืจ ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœโ€. It is the axis around which rotates the chiasmus that describes Davidโ€™s rise to ืžืœื›ื•ืช. And the text highlights the comparison to Saul.

The text is pointing out that David is not perfect, and that he may still fall into the trap that ended Saulโ€™s reign. What makes us sure that David will be able to found the dynasty that fulfils Yaakovโ€™s blessing (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืžื˜:ื™)โ€Ž ืœื ื™ืกื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžื™ื”ื•ื“ื”? First, why did Saul lose his dynasty? What was so unforgiveably wrong with sparing Agag? We dealt with this when we looked at the massacre of Nob:

ื˜ื– ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืฆื“ื™ืง ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืœ ืชืชื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ; ืœืžื” ืชืฉื•ืžืืƒ ื™ื– ืืœ ืชืจืฉืข ื”ืจื‘ื” ื•ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ืกื›ืœ; ืœืžื” ืชืžื•ืช ื‘ืœื ืขืชืšืƒ

ืงื•ื”ืœืช ืคืจืง ื–

ืจื‘ื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืœืงื™ืฉ ืื•ืžืจ: ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืจื—ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื›ื–ืจื™, ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ืžืŸ. ื•ืžื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืื›ื–ืจื™ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืจื—ืžืŸ? ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื™ื—) ื•ืืช ื ื•ื‘ ืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื” ืœืคื™ ื—ืจื‘.

ืงื”ืœืช ืจื‘ื” ื–:ืœื’

Sparing Agag did not in itself disqualify Saul from kingship. If he was simply a ืจื—ืžืŸ, a person of excessive mercy, that could be corrected. But murdering the kohanim of Nob showed that instead, Saul had no judgment at all. He spared Agag for other reasons: prehaps, a sense of common nobility with another king, as opposed to the hoi polloiโ€Œ. This is Saulโ€™s fatal flaw: he has no judgment. He is swayed by the people, he lets his emotions rule his behavior, and ends up in a downward spiral that ends with his ignominious suicide.

And being a king had two responsibilities. In wartime, he was the warlord, which Saul fulfilled admirably. But in peace, he was required to be the chief justice:

ื“ ื•ื™ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ื›ืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ืจืžืชื”ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืืœื™ื• ื”ื ื” ืืชื” ื–ืงื ืช ื•ื‘ื ื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœื›ื• ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ืš; ืขืชื” ืฉื™ืžื” ืœื ื• ืžืœืš ืœืฉืคื˜ื ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื•ื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื—

And that requires judgment, the ability to balance ืžืฉืคื˜ and ืฆื“ืงื”:

ื™ื”ื™ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ืš ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืš ืœืชืชืš ืขืœ ื›ืกื ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืื”ื‘ืช ื”ืณ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœืขืœื ื•ื™ืฉื™ืžืš ืœืžืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื”ืƒ

ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื™:ื˜

The Ramchal explains (in the context of explaining ื”ืณ'sโ€Ž ืจื—ืžื™ื and ื“ื™ืŸ) that justice determines guilt or innocence. Mercy determines the timing and extent of the punishment:

ื•ื“ืื™, ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื•ืžื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื, ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื–ื•ืœืชื• ื›ืœืœ ื•ื›ืœืœ. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืžื“ืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื•ืงื”, ื•ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืžืฉ, ื”ื™ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ื˜ื ื™ืขื ืฉ ืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื›ืฃ ืœื—ื˜ืื• ื‘ืœื™ ื”ืžืชื ื” ื›ืœืœ, ื•ื’ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื—ืจื•ืŸ ืืฃโ€ฆืืžื ื, ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื”ื™ื ื”ื ื•ืชื ืช ื”ืคืš ื”ืฉืœืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื–ื›ืจื ื•: ื“ื”ื™ื ื•, ืฉื™ืชืŸ ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ื•ื˜ื ื•ืœื ื™ื›ื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉื—ื˜ื, ื•ืฉื”ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขื“ ืœื›ืœื”, ื•ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืชื ืชืŸ ืœื—ื•ื˜ืื™ื ื‘ื—ืกื“ ื’ืžื•ืจ,

ืžืกื™ืœืช ื™ืฉืจื™ื ื“

But there is no sense of ืžืฉืคื˜ and ืฆื“ืงื” that allows one to, on the one hand, spare Agag for the evils of Amlek and, on the other hand, massacre Nob for being ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช. Saul is simply not qualified to be king.

If we look carefully at the last two stories of David, his sparing of Saul and almost killing Naval and his family, the similarities to Saulโ€™s situation are striking. Both spare the enemy king after they are advised to kill them, and even have halachic justification for killing them. The Targum uses the same word to describe their decisions:

ื•ื—ืก ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืขืžื ืขืœ ืื’ื’โ€ฆ

ืชืจื’ื•ื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื•:ื˜

ื•ืืžืจ ืœื’ื‘ืจื•ื”ื™ ื—ืก ืœื™ ืžืŸ ืงื“ื ื”ืณ ืื ืืขื‘ื™ื“ ื™ืช ืคืชื’ืžื ื”ื“ื™ืŸโ€ฆ

ืชืจื’ื•ื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื“:ื–

And then they threaten to kill those they see as being ืžื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช, along with their entire families. And the text tells us that David fails this test, just as Saul did. He is on his way to wipe out Naval and all his family. The difference, though, is that David, while not perfect, can learn. He admits his error immediately. Both David and Saul are confronted by a ื ื‘ื™ื, Saul by Samuel in the Agag incident, and David by Avigail in this story. In both there is a paragraph break after the prophetโ€™s speech:

ื™ื˜ ื•ืœืžื” ืœื ืฉืžืขืช ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ; ื•ืชืขื˜ ืืœ ื”ืฉืœืœ ื•ืชืขืฉ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ

{ืคืจืฉื” ืกืชื•ืžื”}

ื› ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืฉืจ ืฉืžืขืชื™ ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ ื•ืืœืš ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื—ื ื™ ื”ืณ; ื•ืื‘ื™ื ืืช ืื’ื’ ืžืœืš ืขืžืœืง ื•ืืช ืขืžืœืง ื”ื—ืจืžืชื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

ืœื ื•ืœื ืชื”ื™ื” ื–ืืช ืœืš ืœืคื•ืงื” ื•ืœืžื›ืฉื•ืœ ืœื‘ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื•ืœืฉืคืš ื“ื ื—ื ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืฉื™ืข ืื“ื ื™ ืœื•; ื•ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืณ ืœืื“ื ื™ ื•ื–ื›ืจืช ืืช ืืžืชืšืƒ

{ืคืจืฉื” ืกืชื•ืžื”}

ืœื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ืœ; ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ืณ ืืœื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ืฉืœื—ืš ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืœืงืจืืชื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื›ื”

A ืคืจืฉื” break has a specific meaning in ืชื ืดืš:

ื•ืœืžื” ื”ืคืกื™ืง? ืœื™ืชืŸ ืจื™ื•ื— ืœืžืฉื” ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืคืจืฉื” ืœืคืจืฉื”.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื•ื™ืงืจื ื:ื™, ื“ืดื” ื•ืื ืžืŸ ื”ืฆืืŸ

Both stop and think. But Saul stops and comes up with excuses, and David stops and comes up with ื—ืจื˜ื”. And he is able to fulfill both roles of the king:

ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•