We now turn to Avshalom’s reaction to Amnon, but it’s important to realize that this isn’t about Amnon at all. This is the beginning of the end of David’s מלכות. Avshalom is setting the stage for his rebellion. Even though he is David’s son, we’ve discussed before how a “ממלכה” requires a peaceful transfer of power. Killing the king and taking over from him does not count as a “nation of laws, not men”.
It certainly feels as though David harbors some suspicion (לא נכבד עליך is a weak excuse, and he questions למה ילך עמך), but not enough to act on. David also demonstrates his weakness, in that he cannot say no outright to Avshalom.
The word that the text uses for “pressure”, ויפרץ, is unusual. It’s usually ויפצר:
ויפרץ literally means “to break out”:
We could read it as “breaking the bounds” of polite society, that Avshalom was a nudzh, but there’s a subtle implication:
It’s a hint that Avshalom is acting like the king, and not David.
So Avshalom makes a grand party (and the Septuagint adds that it was another example of him acting as a king):
No one knew that Avshalom was planning revenge on Amnon specifically. As far as anyone could tell, this was a coup d'état.
It would seem that in David’s mind, this was the fullfillment of Nathan’s prophecy:
And not only are David’s children dead (presumably including the two-year-old Shlomo), but Avshalom had nagged David to come as well. If David had been at this party, he would also have been a victim. Avshalom is going to kill any possible rival and take over. It’s how the system works when it no longer works:
But then there’s “good” news: only Amnon is dead:
Now, we’ve seen יונדב before. He’s the one who started this whole mess:
And that’s the last we see of him. What is he doing here? How does he know what happened with Avshalom and Amnon? The answer, I think is in his description, איש חכם מאד.
He’s the one who sees what’s coming, first ingratiating himself to David’s בכור, the heir apparent, Amnon, and now connecting the dots that no one else connected, to understand what Avshalom was thinking. Yonadav likely also realizes that this makes Avshalom the next in line for power (not taking Shlomo seriously) and in one fell swoop he can ingratiate himself to both David (reassuring him about the other sons) and Avshalom (by diverting David’s anger at him).
We’re probably at the point of David’s greatest despair. David thinks all his sons have been killed, except for the one son who is coming to get him next. He thought that he has already paid for his sin with Bat Sheva, but this is infintely worse . There is a perek of תהילים that deals with that level of despair.
The ספרי אמת—איוב, משלי and תהילים—deal with the question of theodicy: צדיק ורע לו. Why do bad things happen to good people? There is no good answer, but there are approaches, ways for us to live our lives with that unknowing. The approach of David in ספר תהילים is גם זו לטובה: no matter how bad things are, ה׳ will see that it will work out in the end. That is expressed in this, one of the darkest תהילים, in the כותרת.
It is always darkest just before the dawn. This perek represents that. And it has been read as related to the darkest points in Jewish history:
David says לָמָ֣ה עֲזַבְתָּ֑נִי, with the stress on the מ in לָמָ֣ה.Hirsch (on Psalm 10 and Exodus 32) makes a distinction between לָֽמָּה, with a dagesh in the מ and the stress on the first syllable (מלעיל), and לָמָֽה, with no dagesh and the stress on the second syllable (מלרע). In what Hirsch himself calls a hypothesis, לָמָֽה emphasizes the immediate purpose of the subject: “I think I understand your goal, but how does this help achieve it?” while לָֽמָּה is a broader question about the ultimate end: “What is your goal in doing this?”. Here, David is not questioning that the punishment is deserved, but why the total destruction (of David’s family or of all כלל ישראל)?
David prayer is less about his suffering than about the fact that he is not answered. He is the (שמואל ב כג:א) נעים זמרות ישראל; we discussed in the last shiur (תהילים מ:יא) צדקתך לא כסיתי בתוך לבי אמונתך ותשועתך אמרתי;
לא כחדתי חסדך ואמתך לקהל רב. I exist to sing שירה. That is what You always wanted: You are the יושב תהלות ישראל. If I can’t do that, then I am not human:
All the מפרשים read גל אל ה׳, ”rely on G-d“ as David’s words of consolation, but in the context of these psukim, I would read them as sarcastic. His enemies are mocking him as he prays to an uncaring G-d, like Eliyahu on Har HaCarmel:
His response is כי אתה גחי מבטן, which I would translate as “But you thrust me from the womb”:
David sees himself as “chosen” from birth for his role in Jewish history, which is what we alluded to in the last shiur:
And parallel to Jeremiah:
What’s striking about this part of the perek is the mixed metaphors. David isn’t a poetaster, so I assume it reflects a sense of desperation. He is trying everything, every poetic trick he can, to create his תהילים. There’s a sense of desperation about this. But it’s not working.
יחידה is an unsual word for “soul”. The Midrash explains:
The Midrash says that these are all synonyms for “soul” but the kabbalistic approach defines a heirarchy of what I would call epiphenomena of increasing abstraction. The usual model has נֶפֶשׁ, רוּחַ and נְשָׁמָה, basically “life”, “movement” (what makes animals different from plants) and “intelligence”. The five-fold model divides נְשָׁמָה into נְשָׁמָה , חַיָּה and יְחִידָה, the latter representing (in my limited understanding) “sentience” and “spirituality” respectively. The יְחִידָה is the highest aspect of the soul, the connection to הקב״ה. It is the origin of רוח הקודש.
I won’t pretend to understand this, and I don’t think David would have used any of this vocabulary. Rather, I think the Kabbalists took their vocabulary from תנ״ך, and when David asks ה׳ to save ”יחידתי“, it reflects this idea. David is asking ה׳ to save that aspect of himself that is the source of בתוך קהל אהללך.
David ends this section with an expression of hope, the certainty that אספרה שמך לאחי; בתוך קהל אהללך. He then turns from ה׳ to the “audience” (ה׳ is now addressed in third person):
יראי ה׳ is an apostrophe; he is addressing the יראי ה׳ and כל זרע ישראל to הללוהו, have faith that לא הסתיר פניו ממנו, even though he started with אלקי אקרא יומם ולא תענה.
He tells his audience (the ענוים) that they will survive, יחי לבבכם:
And once the faithful declare ה׳'s praises, the rest of the world will follow.
And this service to ה׳ will allow them to over come even death. Not literally, but they will live on through their children.
They are כל יורדי עפר, and even through נפשו לא חיה, the outcome will be זרע יעבדנו. And their children will tell it to their children:
And that is the bottom line of this perek. Even when ה׳ seems not to be listening, He is there.