The next perek has a very different message. It is not so much about ethics as about Torah and our connection to הקב״ה.
This is now biographical: בן הייתי לאבי; רך ויחיד. David described the 12-year-old Shlomo in those terms:
And so now, מוסר אב refers to the Mussar that Shlomo’s father gave him, and he wants his audience to know it. What message was that? We have two records of David’s words to Shlomo.
What kind of ethical message does Shlomo want to pass on to us, here in ספר משלי? You could argue that he
does mention obeying ה׳ in דברי הימים and Tit for Tat (be gracious with others by default, but respond to evil-doers in kind) in ספר מלכים, but truth is that Shlomo has a different “אב” in mind.
Shlomo wasn’t David’s son. He was G-d’s. That was his role as מלך ישראל. And his point here is that he is telling his audience that they are all children of G-d. The previous expressions of שמע בני were in the singular, metaphors for a parent lecturing a child.
This is different : בנים is plural. Not metaphoric. He is talking to בני ישראל directly.
And so we have to look at the allusion to בנים אתם לה׳ אלקיכם, which is connected to לא תתגדדו.
Metaphorically, it means don’t separate into factions. You need to work together. Rabbi Bashevkin cites the old joke:
שמעו בנים is reminding the Jewish people that they are One, and that oneness comes through their relationship with הקב״ה and the Torah.
לקח טוב נתתי לכם is a reference to the giving of the Torah:
Shlomo doesn’t explicitly say it, but he alludes to the fact that the ethical lessons of ספר משלי cannot be for an individual; דרך ארץ is how society works. כנסת ישראל is in this together. And that takes work.
The mishna emphasizes that we know that ה׳ loves us.
This pasuk creates an obligation. The facts are that we are בנים and that we are aware of that status. That means we have to accept the לקח טוב.
That is what Shlomo learned from הקב״ה, and that is what he is telling us here.
Now Shlomo talks about the mussar that his אב gave him.
ה׳ is giving him career advice. It’s like the scene from The Graduate:
Except here the one word is חכמה, in the sense of the לקח טוב, the good investment, mentioned above.
Thus Shlomo tells us קנה חכמה קנה בינה…ראשית חכמה קנה חכמה. Acquiring the wisdom of Torah takes work. But it’s the only worthwhile thing to work on.
That is because, if the Torah is the blueprint of the world—אסתכל באורייתא וברא עלמא—then keeping the Torah keeps the world running.
There is a well-known aggadah about this; that we are given the Torah in the womb. וירני ויאמר לי…שמר מצותי, וחיה: G-d taught me and told me to keep the mitzvot, and then go and live!
Rabbi Akiva Tatz (in his Chanukah CD) cites the Maharal (I’m not sure of the original source) that the “inborn” Torah that is inherent in us is wordless and cannot be expressed in words. Just as the universe “knows” the Torah, so too do we.
But as human beings, we have to say things in words, express them explicitly, to understand them. That is what it means to be “struck on the mouth”; it is the gift of speech. The fetus “forgets” its Torah in the sense that now it has to learn Torah in a completely different way. Rabbi Tatz cites the gemara that, after death, we are called to account for the mitzvot we did, the sins we did, and the Torah we produced. The Vilna Gaon says that when we see the angel asking us about our Torah, we will recognize them. It will be the angel who taught us in the womb, asking whether we have brought that wordless knowledge into fruition.
The pasuk says about the Torah, אֱהָבֶהָ, love it.
And we have to “turn it over”:
סַלְסְלֶהָ וּתְרוֹמְמֶךָּ
And now Shlomo returns to the central metaphor of this book of משלי: the parent lecturing the child, summarizing the greatest lesson so far: our moral judgment is formed from our observation of others, so don’t hang around with bad influences.
And Shlomo continues:
The gemara uses this metaphor of the light of the righteous in the context of this paragraph, and returns to the fetus in the womb, knowing all of Torah:
Shlomo will use that metaphor again:
As Rabbi Tatz says in the lecture quoted above, this is a spiritual light that illuminates the fetus’s whole world. There are no questions, no uncertain decisions. It is part of the answer to my thesis from Fatherly Advice that our moral judgment is mimetic; it comes from what we observe as “normal” behavior in others.
Here Shlomo reassures us that we do have an innate moral sense that comes from הקב״ה, and we develop that (or better, re-develop that) when we learn Torah. So there are three things that go into our ethical decisionmaking: our minds, what I call ethics, our hearts, what I call morals, and our conscience, that inner voice of that innate Torah that we were given.
But I would add that רבי שמלאי emphasizes that the fetus is enfolded up in itself; the uncertainty starts when it has to interact with other people. As we said above, דרך ארץ is how society works. All of us, כנסת ישראל, are in this together. And that takes work.