ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: Baa, He Said Sheepishly

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Last time, we saw that after the whole incident of Bat Sheva and Uriah, ื”ืณ finally gets angry after the child is born:

ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืื‘ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืืกืคื” ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ืœื• ืœืืฉื” ื•ืชืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ; ื•ื™ืจืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื:ื›ื–

So ื”ืณ sends a ื ื‘ื™ื with the famous parable of the rich man and the sheep:

ื ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื”ืณ ืืช ื ืชืŸ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขื™ืจ ืื—ืช ืื—ื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืื—ื“ ืจืืฉืƒ ื‘ ืœืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืืŸ ื•ื‘ืงืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ืƒ ื’ ื•ืœืจืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ื™ ืื ื›ื‘ืฉื” ืื—ืช ืงื˜ื ื” ืืฉืจ ืงื ื” ื•ื™ื—ื™ื” ื•ืชื’ื“ืœ ืขืžื• ื•ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ื•; ืžืคืชื• ืชืื›ืœ ื•ืžื›ืกื• ืชืฉืชื” ื•ื‘ื—ื™ืงื• ืชืฉื›ื‘ ื•ืชื”ื™ ืœื• ื›ื‘ืชืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ื‘ื ื”ืœืš ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื™ื—ืžืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฆืื ื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœืืจื— ื”ื‘ื ืœื•; ื•ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ื‘ืฉืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉ ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•ืƒ ื” ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืžืื“; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœ ื ืชืŸ ื—ื™ ื”ืณ ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื” ื–ืืชืƒ ื• ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื; ืขืงื‘ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื•ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื ื—ืžืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

Is this story part of the ื ื‘ื•ืื”? Nathan doesnโ€™t say ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ until ืคืกื•ืง ื–. As far as David knows, this is an actual case for David to deal with (and at this point in the text, we, the readers, are in the same boat) . Weโ€™ve seen before that Nathan wears two hats, as ืคื•ืกืง and as ื ื‘ื™ื:

ื™ ื•ืขื‘ืจืชื ืืช ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ืืจืฅ ืืฉืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืžื ื—ื™ืœ ืืชื›ื; ื•ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื›ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉื‘ืชื ื‘ื˜ื—ืƒ ื™ื ื•ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ื‘ื• ืœืฉื›ืŸ ืฉืžื• ืฉื ืฉืžื” ืชื‘ื™ืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฆื•ื” ืืชื›ื; ืขื•ืœืชื™ื›ื ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื›ื ืžืขืฉืจืชื™ื›ื ื•ืชืจืžืช ื™ื“ื›ื ื•ื›ืœ ืžื‘ื—ืจ ื ื“ืจื™ื›ื ืืฉืจ ืชื“ืจื• ืœื”ืณืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืชื•; ื•ื”ืณ ื”ื ื™ื— ืœื• ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืžื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ื•ืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืžืœืš ืืœ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืจืื” ื ื ืื ื›ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืืจื–ื™ื; ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ื™ืจื™ืขื”ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืœื‘ื‘ืš ืœืš ืขืฉื”; ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ืขืžืšืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื”ื•ื;
ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ื ืชืŸ ืœืืžืจืƒ ื” ืœืš ื•ืืžืจืช ืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“
ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ; ื”ืืชื” ืชื‘ื ื” ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื‘ืชื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื–

But if this is not a message from G-d, what is Nathan asking? Is he asking David for help deciding the case? Itโ€™s an explicit law in the Torah; he doesnโ€™t need the king for that:

ื›ื™ ื™ื’ื ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืฉื•ืจ ืื• ืฉื” ื•ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ืื• ืžื›ืจื• ื—ืžืฉื” ื‘ืงืจ ื™ืฉืœื ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื•ืจ ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฆืืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืช ื›ื:ืœื–

The implication of the question is that Nathan doesnโ€™t need a decision; he needs enforcement:

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื: ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ื“ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืกืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื™ืŸ. ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื•ื“ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืขื ืื—ืจ ืžืฆื•ืชื. ืฉืžื›ื™ืŸ ื•ื›ื•ืคืชื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืงืœ ื•ื‘ืจืฆื•ืขื” ืขื“ ืฉื™ืงื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ื• ืืช ื“ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜.

ืจืฉืดื™, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ื–:ื™ื—

Every law is violent. We try not to think about this, but we should. On the first day of law school, I tell my Contracts students never to argue for invoking the power of law except in a cause for which they are willing to kill. They are suitably astonished, and often annoyed. But I point out that even a breach of contract requires a judicial remedy; and if the breacher will not pay damages, the sheriff will sequester his house and goods; and if he resists the forced sale of his property, the sheriff might have to shoot him.

Yale law professor Stephen L. Carter, Enforcing the Law Is Inherently Violent

And that is why David is so angry. If Nathan is coming to him with a simple sheep stealing case, then things must have broken down so badly that the rich and powerful can ignore the law. That is opposed to everything that David stands for:

ื•ื™ืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื—:ื˜ื•

And in the context of ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ, it destroys Davidโ€™s legacy. For the temple to be built, with all that implies, David has to have a peaceful transfer of power in a just society, a ืžืžืœื›ืช ื›ื”ื ื™ื:

ื— ื•ืขืชื” ื›ื” ืชืืžืจ ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ืื ื™ ืœืงื—ืชื™ืš ืžืŸ ื”ื ื•ื” ืžืื—ืจ ื”ืฆืืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื’ื™ื“ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ื˜ ื•ืื”ื™ื” ืขืžืš ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื›ืช ื•ืื›ืจืชื” ืืช ื›ืœ ืื™ื‘ื™ืš ืžืคื ื™ืš; ื•ืขืฉืชื™ ืœืš ืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื›ืฉื ื”ื’ื“ืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ืืจืฅืƒ ื™ ื•ืฉืžืชื™ ืžืงื•ื ืœืขืžื™ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื˜ืขืชื™ื• ื•ืฉื›ืŸ ืชื—ืชื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืจื’ื– ืขื•ื“; ื•ืœื ื™ืกื™ืคื• ื‘ื ื™ ืขื•ืœื” ืœืขื ื•ืชื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”ืƒ โ€ฆื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ื™ืžืœืื• ื™ืžื™ืš ื•ืฉื›ื‘ืช ืืช ืื‘ืชื™ืš ื•ื”ืงื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื–ืจืขืš ืื—ืจื™ืš ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆื ืžืžืขื™ืš; ื•ื”ื›ื™ื ืชื™ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ืชื•ืƒ ื™ื’ ื”ื•ื ื™ื‘ื ื” ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉืžื™; ื•ื›ื ื ืชื™ ืืช ื›ืกื ืžืžืœื›ืชื• ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื–

If he has to personally get involved in a case like this, then there are no laws, no ืžืžืœื›ื”, and no hope of a ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.


Weโ€™ve looked at a chapter of ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื that mentions this:

ื™โ€ฆื›ึผึดื™ ืจึธืึดื™ืชึดื™ ื—ึธืžึธืก ื•ึฐืจึดื™ื‘ ื‘ึผึธืขึดื™ืจืƒ ื™ื ื™ื•ึนืžึธื ื•ึธืœึทื™ึฐืœึธื” ื™ึฐืกื•ึนื‘ึฐื‘ึปื”ึธ ืขึทืœ ื—ื•ึนืžึนืชึถื™ื”ึธ; ื•ึฐืึธื•ึถืŸ ื•ึฐืขึธืžึธืœ ื‘ึผึฐืงึดืจึฐื‘ึผึธื”ึผืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื ื”

But there is an entire ืคืจืง ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื that, I think, ties into Davidโ€™s attitude here:

ื ืœืžื ืฆื— ืœื™ื“ื™ืชื•ืŸ (ืœื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ) ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ืƒ
ื‘ ืืžืจืชื™ ืืฉืžืจื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ืžื—ื˜ื•ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื™;
ืืฉืžืจื” ืœืคื™ ืžื—ืกื•ื ื‘ืขื“ ืจืฉืข ืœื ื’ื“ื™ืƒ
ื’ ื ืืœืžืชื™ ื“ื•ืžื™ื” ื”ื—ืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื˜ื•ื‘; ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ื ืขื›ืจืƒ
ื“ ื—ื ืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื™ ื‘ื”ื’ื™ื’ื™ ืชื‘ืขืจ ืืฉ; ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืƒ
ื” ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื™ ื”ืณ ืงืฆื™ ื•ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ื; ืื“ืขื” ืžื” ื—ื“ืœ ืื ื™ืƒ
ื• ื”ื ื” ื˜ืคื—ื•ืช ื ืชืชื” ื™ืžื™ ื•ื—ืœื“ื™ ื›ืื™ืŸ ื ื’ื“ืš;
ืืš ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ื ืฆื‘ ืกืœื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืœื˜

ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ is the name of one of Davidโ€™s Leviim who sang in the ืžืฉื›ืŸ:

ืœื˜ ื•ืืช ืฆื“ื•ืง ื”ื›ื”ืŸ ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืณ ื‘ื‘ืžื” ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื•ืŸืƒ ืž ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ืขืœ ืžื–ื‘ื— ื”ืขืœื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื‘ืงืจ ื•ืœืขืจื‘; ื•ืœื›ืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ืจืช ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืฆื•ื” ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœืƒ ืžื ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ื™ืžืŸ ื•ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ ื•ืฉืืจ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืงื‘ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื”ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืณ ื›ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ื—ืกื“ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

But Rashi gives it a more figurative meaning:

ืœื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ: ืฉื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืžืŸ ื”ืžืฉื•ืจืจื™ื ื•ื’ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืฉืฉืžื• ื™ื“ื•ืชื•ืŸ. ื•ืžื“ืจืฉ ืื’ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื•ืขืœ ื”ื“ื™ื ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ื’ื–ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฆืจื” ื”ื ื’ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜:ื

David says that rather than risk saying ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ืจืข, he has been silent in the face of evil, muzzling himself:

ืœึนื ืชึทื—ึฐืกึนื ืฉืื•ึนืจ ื‘ึฐึผื“ึดื™ืฉืื•ึนืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ื”:ื“

ื”ื—ืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื˜ื•ื‘: ืฉืœื ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ืืฃ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ืกืจ ื”ื ืฆืžื— ืžืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื™ ื™ืจืืชื™ ืœื ื’ื•ืข ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืขื™ืณืณื›

ื•ื›ืื‘ื™ ื ืขื›ืจ: ื›ื™ ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ืฆื™ืงืชื ื™ ืœืขื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจื™ืช ื”ืื“ื ื•ืชื›ืœื™ืชื•.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜:ื’

But the enormity of what he is seeing makes him so angry, ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืื™ืฉ ืžืื“ in our story, that he cannot be silent. But his response is interesting. He doesnโ€™t address the ืจืฉืข ืœื ื’ื“ื™, but asks, โ€œWhatโ€™s the point of it all? I deal with this particular wrong, but evil keeps coming up. What is to be my legacy after I die?โ€ It reminds us of ืงื•ื”ืœืช :

ื˜ื• ื•ืืžืจืชื™ ืื ื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื™ ื›ืžืงืจื” ื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ื’ื ืื ื™ ื™ืงืจื ื™ ื•ืœืžื” ื—ื›ืžืชื™ ืื ื™ ืื– ื™ืชืจ; ื•ื“ื‘ืจืชื™ ื‘ืœื‘ื™ ืฉื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืœืƒ ื˜ื– ื›ื™ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืœื—ื›ื ืขื ื”ื›ืกื™ืœ ืœืขื•ืœื; ื‘ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ืื™ื ื”ื›ืœ ื ืฉื›ื— ื•ืื™ืš ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ื›ื ืขื ื”ื›ืกื™ืœืƒ ื™ื– ื•ืฉื ืืชื™ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื™ ืจืข ืขืœื™ ื”ืžืขืฉื” ืฉื ืขืฉื” ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ; ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืœ ื•ืจืขื•ืช ืจื•ื—ืƒ ื™ื— ื•ืฉื ืืชื™ ืื ื™ ืืช ื›ืœ ืขืžืœื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขืžืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ; ืฉืื ื™ื—ื ื• ืœืื“ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ืžื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื”ื—ื›ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื• ืกื›ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืžืœื™ ืฉืขืžืœืชื™ ื•ืฉื—ื›ืžืชื™ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉืžืฉ; ื’ื ื–ื” ื”ื‘ืœืƒ

ืงื•ื”ืœืช ืคืจืง ื‘

In fact, the Malbim reads this perek as an abstract philosophical discussion:

ื‘ืžื–ืžื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืกื•ื“ ื”ื ืคืฉ ื•ืขื ื™ื ื” ื•ืขืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ื ื’ื•ืฃ.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜:ื

But I donโ€™t see David as that philosophical; I would read it as a question of his own fate:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืืžืจ ืจื‘: ืžืื™ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื”ื•ึนื“ึดื™ืขึตื ึดื™ ื”ืณ ืงึดืฆึดึผื™ ื•ึผืžึดื“ึทึผืช ื™ึธืžึทื™ ืžึทื” ื”ึดื™ื ืึตื“ึฐืขึธื” ืžึถื” ื—ึธื“ึตืœ ืึธื ึดื™? ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืจื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื ื™ ื”ืณ ืงืฆื™! ืืžืจ ืœื•: ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืงืฆื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ื•ื“ื. โ€ื•ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ ืžื” ื”ื™ืโ€œ? ื’ื–ืจื” ื”ื™ื ืžืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžื•ื“ื™ืขื™ืŸ ืžื“ืช ื™ืžื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ืโ€ฆ

ืฉื‘ืช ืœ,ื

ื– ืืš ื‘ืฆืœื ื™ืชื”ืœืš ืื™ืฉ ืืš ื”ื‘ืœ ื™ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ;
ื™ืฆื‘ืจ ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ ืืกืคืืƒ
ื— ื•ืขืชื” ืžื” ืงื•ื™ืชื™ ืื“ื ื™ ืชื•ื—ืœืชื™ ืœืš ื”ื™ืืƒ
ื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืคืฉืขื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื ื™; ื—ืจืคืช ื ื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืฉื™ืžื ื™ืƒ
ื™ ื ืืœืžืชื™ ืœื ืืคืชื— ืคื™; ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืขืฉื™ืชืƒ
ื™ื ื”ืกืจ ืžืขืœื™ ื ื’ืขืš; ืžืชื’ืจืช ื™ื“ืš ืื ื™ ื›ืœื™ืชื™ืƒ
ื™ื‘ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ืขื•ืŸ ื™ืกืจืช ืื™ืฉ ื•ืชืžืก ื›ืขืฉ ื—ืžื•ื“ื•;
ืืš ื”ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื ืกืœื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืœื˜

Artscroll translates ืฆืœื ื™ืชื”ืœืš as โ€œwalks in darknessโ€, parallel to the next phrase ื”ื‘ืœ ื™ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ. Rashi likes that understanding:

ืืš ื‘ืฆืœื: ื‘ื—ื•ืฉืš, ืคื™ืจืฉื• ื“ื•ื ืฉ ืœืณ ืฆืœืžื•ืช. ื•ืžื ื—ื ืคื™ืจืฉื• ืฆืœื ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ื›ึดึผื™ ื‘ึฐึผืฆึถืœึถื ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื ืขึธืฉึธื‚ื” ืึถืช ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื, ื•ืœื ื™ืชื›ื ื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื•.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืœื˜:ื–

But I would read it like Menahem ben Saruq, as two parallel phrases: โ€œwhether man acts as the ืฆึถืœึถื ืึฑืœึนืงึดื™ื, or acts wantonly, ื”ื‘ืœ ื™ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ, the end is just as uncertain. Whatever he accomplishes, ื™ืฆื‘ืจ, who knows who will eventually inherit the results, ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืžื™ ืืกืคื?โ€.

David asks that he not be made a laughingstock: ื—ืจืคืช ื ื‘ืœ ืืœ ืชืฉื™ืžื ื™. Then, in a parallel to the start of the perek, he says he will remain silent, but that silence was wrong. This is his silent acceptance of his fate, ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืขืฉื™ืช. He acknowledges that he is not perfect, but no one is. Man is flawed, mortal and finite; again, ืืš ื”ื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ืื“ื.

ื™ื’ ืฉืžืขื” ืชืคืœืชื™ ื”ืณ ื•ืฉื•ืขืชื™ ื”ืื–ื™ื ื”
ืืœ ื“ืžืขืชื™ ืืœ ืชื—ืจืฉ;
ื›ื™ ื’ืจ ืื ื›ื™ ืขืžืš; ืชื•ืฉื‘ ื›ื›ืœ ืื‘ื•ืชื™ืƒ
ื™ื“ ื”ืฉืข ืžืžื ื™ ื•ืื‘ืœื™ื’ื” ื‘ื˜ืจื ืืœืš ื•ืื™ื ื ื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืœื˜

His prayer is not so much to be saved but just to know his fate. What will come of all his effort? We know that this perek is concerned with Davidโ€™s legacy, because he quotes it in his final speech to the people, dedicating the materials for the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ:

ื™ ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืณ ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืจื•ืš ืืชื” ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื• ืžืขื•ืœื ื•ืขื“ ืขื•ืœืืƒ ื™ื ืœืš ื”ืณ ื”ื’ื“ืœื” ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ื”ืชืคืืจืช ื•ื”ื ืฆื— ื•ื”ื”ื•ื“ ื›ื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืืจืฅ; ืœืš ื”ืณ ื”ืžืžืœื›ื” ื•ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ืœื›ืœ ืœืจืืฉืƒ ื™ื‘ ื•ื”ืขืฉืจ ื•ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ืžืœืคื ื™ืš ื•ืืชื” ืžื•ืฉืœ ื‘ื›ืœ ื•ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื›ื— ื•ื’ื‘ื•ืจื”; ื•ื‘ื™ื“ืš ืœื’ื“ืœ ื•ืœื—ื–ืง ืœื›ืœืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ืขืชื” ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืžื•ื“ื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืš; ื•ืžื”ืœืœื™ื ืœืฉื ืชืคืืจืชืšืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ื›ื™ ืžื™ ืื ื™ ื•ืžื™ ืขืžื™ ื›ื™ ื ืขืฆืจ ื›ื— ืœื”ืชื ื“ื‘ ื›ื–ืืช; ื›ื™ ืžืžืš ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืžื™ื“ืš ื ืชื ื• ืœืšืƒ ื˜ื• ื›ื™ ื’ืจื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืœืคื ื™ืš ื•ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ืื‘ืชื™ื ื•; ื›ืฆืœ ื™ืžื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื”ืƒ ื˜ื– ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ื ื ื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœืš ื‘ื™ืช ืœืฉื ืงื“ืฉืš; ืžื™ื“ืš ื”ื™ื (ื”ื•ื) ื•ืœืš ื”ื›ืœืƒ โ€ฆ ื™ื˜ ื•ืœืฉืœืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื‘ ืฉืœื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ืชื™ืš ืขื“ื•ืชื™ืš ื•ื—ืงื™ืš; ื•ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื›ืœ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืฉืจ ื”ื›ื™ื ื•ืชื™ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื›ื˜

So this is why David responds with such vehemence to Nathanโ€™s story, and why he declares both ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉ and ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื. There is a halachic principle that a given act has only one punishment, the most severe one, even if multiple violations are involved:

ื’ื ื‘ ื•ื˜ื‘ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ื’ื ื‘ ื•ื˜ื‘ื— ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื–ืจื”โ€ฆืžืฉืœื ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ ืืจื‘ืขื” ื•ื—ืžืฉื” ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ ืžืื™ืจ. ื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ืคื•ื˜ืจื™ืŸโ€ฆืžืฉื•ื ื“ืงื ืœื™ื” ื‘ื“ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื ื™ื”.

ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื’,ื‘

But the ืขืฉื™ืจ has committed two crimes: stealing the sheep of the ืจืฉ and the contempt of court that required it to be brought before the king:

ื”ื ื” ื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื, ืฉื”ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉืคื˜ื• ืจืง ื›ืคื™ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืืฉืจ ืชืฉืงื™ืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ื’ื•ื ื‘ ืฉื” ื•ื˜ื‘ื—ื• ื—ืจื•ืฅ ืฉื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืข ืฆืืŸ ืชื—ืช ื”ืฉื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืคื•ื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ืฉืขื” ื•ืœืคื™ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ, ืฉื‘ื ื“ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื—ืจื•ืฅ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ืœืคื™ ื”ืื›ื–ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื•ืข ื”ืœื‘ ืฉื”ืจืื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืžืขืฉื”ื•, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืข ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื–ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื™ื“ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืฉืขื” ื•ื‘ื”ืฉืงืฃ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืคื•ืขืœ.

ืžืœื‘ื™ืดื, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื‘:ื”

But then Nathan tells David the truth: there is no rich man/poor man sheep story. It is a prophetic parable:

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื ืชืŸ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืชื” ื”ืื™ืฉ;
ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื™ืš ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืื ื›ื™ ื”ืฆืœืชื™ืš ืžื™ื“ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื–

Now, we know what Nathan is talking about. ื•ื™ืจืข ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืณ; the rich man who deserves to be punished is David himself. But if we think about it, itโ€™s not that obvious. David at this point doesnโ€™t think heโ€™s done anything wrong. Itโ€™s been 9 months since the tryst with Bat Sheva, 7 months since Uriah died in battle. Nothing bad has happened; to the contrary, the promised child, the one of whom Nathan had said, ื”ึฒืงึดื™ืžึนืชึดื™ ืึถืช ื–ึทืจึฐืขึฒืšึธ ืึทื—ึฒืจึถื™ืšึธ ืึฒืฉึถืืจ ื™ึตืฆึตื ืžึดืžึตึผืขึถื™ืšึธ, has now been born. The thing that David feared, that there was injustice in his city, was only a parable. And David is ื”ืื™ืฉ.

The question is, what ืื™ืฉ? There are three ืื™ืฉ's in the story: ืื™ืฉ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ,โ€Ž ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉ and ืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•. We know the answer. But Rav Medan points out that David very well may have thought of himself as the ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉ.โ€Ž โ€œืจืฉโ€ as a word for โ€œpoorโ€ is very rare in ืชื ืดืš; it only appears in ืฉืžื•ืืœ,โ€Ž ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื and ืžืฉืœื™. The only person who is explicitly called ืื™ืฉ ืจืฉ is David himself:

ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืฆื• ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขื‘ื“ื• ื“ื‘ืจื• ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืœื˜ ืœืืžืจ ื”ื ื” ื—ืคืฅ ื‘ืš ื”ืžืœืš ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ื™ื• ืื”ื‘ื•ืš; ื•ืขืชื” ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืœืšืƒ ื›ื’ ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจื• ืขื‘ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ืงืœื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื›ื ื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ื‘ืžืœืš ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืื™ืฉ ืจืฉ ื•ื ืงืœื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

(And as a โ€œcuteโ€ hint, there is a ืงืจื™/ื›ืชื™ื‘ here. The poor man is spelled ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉ, which is spelled like โ€œืื™ืฉ ื”ึทืจึนืืฉืโ€, โ€the chiefโ€œ. David is both ืจึธืืฉื and ืจึนืืฉื in his mind.) Also, the rich man is ื—ืžืœ ืœืงื—ืช ืžืฆืื ื• ื•ืžื‘ืงืจื•. The word ื—ืžืœ usually means โ€œpityโ€, which doesnโ€™t really apply here. Itโ€™s more โ€œregretโ€. And thereโ€™s only one person who is described as ื•ื™ื—ืžืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืขืœื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจ:

ื•ื™ื—ืžืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื”ืขื ืขืœ ืื’ื’ ื•ืขืœ ืžื™ื˜ื‘ ื”ืฆืืŸ ื•ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื”ืžืฉื ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื• ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื; ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืžืœืื›ื” ื ืžื‘ื–ื” ื•ื ืžืก ืืชื” ื”ื—ืจื™ืžื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื•:ื˜

Rav Medan summarizes:

ื”ืขืจื›ืชื ื• ืœืคื™ ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื”ืจืฉ ืขื•ืจืจ ืืช ื—ืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืคืชื— ืืฆืœื• ืคืฆืขื™ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื•ื›ื•ืื‘ื™ื. ืœื“ื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืื•ืœ, ื•ื”ืจืฉ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื•ื ืขืฆืžื•โ€ฆ

ื‘ืื•ืชื ื™ืžื™ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื‘ึผึดืชื• ืœึทืžื›ึผึถื” ื”ืคืœืฉืชื™; ืืš ื›ืœื‘ืŸ, ืฉืจื™ืžื” ืืช ื™ืขืงื‘, ื ื™ืกื” ืœืฉืœื•ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืช ืฉื›ืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื• ื•ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืœื• ืืช ืจื—ืœ ื‘ืœืื”, ื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืืช ืžื™ืจื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื›ืœ ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื ื˜ืœ ืžืžื ื• ืืฃ ืื•ืชื”.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข, ืขืžืณ 141

David had lost his metaphoric lamb, his wife, twice to Saulโ€™s dishonesty:

ื™ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื ื” ื‘ืชื™ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืจื‘ ืืชื” ืืชืŸ ืœืš ืœืืฉื” ืืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœื‘ืŸ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื”ืœื—ื ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ื”ืณ; ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ืืžืจ ืืœ ืชื”ื™ ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ื‘ื• ื™ื“ ืคืœืฉืชื™ืืƒ

ื™ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ืžื™ ืื ื›ื™ ื•ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ืื‘ื™ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื›ื™ ืื”ื™ื” ื—ืชืŸ ืœืžืœืšืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืชืช ืืช ืžืจื‘ ื‘ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“; ื•ื”ื™ื ื ืชื ื” ืœืขื“ืจื™ืืœ ื”ืžื—ืœืชื™ ืœืืฉื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื™ื—

ื•ืฉืื•ืœ ื ืชืŸ ืืช ืžื™ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื• ืืฉืช ื“ื•ื“; ืœืคืœื˜ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืœื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืžื’ืœื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื”:ืžื“

David knows what was supposed to happen. He was the son-in-law of the king and would be the crown prince. The kingdom would transfer to him, peacefully and lawfully, and he would have been the one to build the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ. Saul stole that all from him. And now, ื”ืณ is telling him that his story has come full circle.

ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืžืข ืžืคื™ ื ืชืŸ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื”, ืืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจื ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืฉืœ ื”ืจืฉ. ื’ื•ืจืœื• ื”ืื›ื–ืจ ืฉืœ ืฉืื•ืœ, ืฉืžืช ืขื ืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื•, ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ, ื™ืฉื•ื™ ื•ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข ื‘ื’ืœื‘ื•ืข, ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™โ€”ืื™ืฉ ื‘ื•ืฉืช, ืฉืžืช ื–ืžืŸ ืœื ืจื‘ ืื—ืจื™ื”ืโ€”ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืขื•ืœื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื•. ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ื“ืข: ื”ืณ ื ืงื ืืช ื ืงืžืชื• ืฉืœื•, ื ืงืžืช ื”ืจืฉ, ืžื™ื“ื™ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื— ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื”, ืžื™ื“ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ, ื‘ืžื•ืชื• ื•ื‘ืžื•ืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื•. ื”ื•ื ืžืชืคืจืฅ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ื ืชืŸ ื•ื—ื•ืจืฅ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ: ื—ึทื™ ื”ืณ ื›ึผึดื™ ื‘ึถืŸ ืžึธื•ึถืช ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึธืขึนืฉื‚ึถื” ื–ึนืืช, ื•ึฐืึถืช ื”ึทื›ึผึดื‘ึฐืฉื‚ึธื” ื™ึฐืฉืึทืœึผึตื ืึทืจึฐื‘ึผึทืขึฐืชึผึธื™ึดื.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข, ืขืžืณ 143

In this way of looking at the story, David is at the top of the world. Nathan is here to tell him ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ื›ื™ ืžืฉื—ืชื™ืš ืœืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ, to acknowledge that this child will succeed him and fulfill Davidโ€™s only desire. He expects the prophet to vindicate him, just as Yaakov said to Lavan after all the years of being cheated:

ืžื ื–ื” ืœื™ ืขืฉืจื™ื ืฉื ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืชืš ืขื‘ื“ืชื™ืš ืืจื‘ืข ืขืฉืจื” ืฉื ื” ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื‘ื ืชื™ืš ื•ืฉืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืฆืื ืš; ื•ืชื—ืœืฃ ืืช ืžืฉื›ืจืชื™ ืขืฉืจืช ืžื ื™ืืƒ ืžื‘ ืœื•ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ ืื‘ื™ ืืœื”ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื›ื™ ืขืชื” ืจื™ืงื ืฉืœื—ืชื ื™; ืืช ืขื ื™ื™ ื•ืืช ื™ื’ื™ืข ื›ืคื™ ืจืื” ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ื•ื›ื— ืืžืฉืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ืœื

But we know the truth, and Nathan does not sugarcoat it: this child is not the fulfillment of Davidโ€™s dreams; he is the symbol of Davidโ€™s utter and complete failure. Everything that David has accomplished will be lost.

ื— ื•ืืชื ื” ืœืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืื“ื ื™ืš ื•ืืช ื ืฉื™ ืื“ื ื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืงืš ื•ืืชื ื” ืœืš ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ืื ืžืขื˜ ื•ืืกืคื” ืœืš ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื”ืƒ ื˜ ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื™ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ืจืข ื‘ืขื™ื ื• (ื‘ืขื™ื ื™) ืืช ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืœืงื—ืช ืœืš ืœืืฉื”; ื•ืืชื• ื”ืจื’ืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸืƒ ื™ ื•ืขืชื” ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ื—ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืชืš ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื; ืขืงื‘ ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืชื ื™ ื•ืชืงื— ืืช ืืฉืช ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ืœืืฉื”ืƒ

ื™ื ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ื”ื ื ื™ ืžืงื™ื ืขืœื™ืš ืจืขื” ืžื‘ื™ืชืš ื•ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ืš; ื•ืฉื›ื‘ ืขื ื ืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื–ืืชืƒ ื™ื‘ ื›ื™ ืืชื” ืขืฉื™ืช ื‘ืกืชืจ; ื•ืื ื™ ืืขืฉื” ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื’ื“ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื ื’ื“ ื”ืฉืžืฉืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื™ื‘

This line is where the gemara learns the limits to a kingโ€™s wives. The Torah says (ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื–:ื™ื–)โ€Ž ื•ึฐืœึนื ื™ึทืจึฐื‘ึถึผื” ืœึผื•ึน ื ึธืฉึดืื™ื. At this time, David had only the wives he had married before he came to Jerusalem:

ืžืฉื ื”: ืœื ื™ืจื‘ื” ืœื• ื ืฉื™ื - ืืœื ืฉืžื ื” ืขืฉืจื”โ€ฆื”ื ื™ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื” ืžื ืœืŸ? ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื›ื•ืจื• ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื™ื ืขื ื”ื™ื–ืจืขืืœื™ืช ื•ืžืฉื ื”ื• ื›ืœืื‘ ืœืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ืืฉืช ื ื‘ืœ ื”ื›ืจืžืœื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืžืขื›ื” ื•ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืื“ื ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ื—ื’ื™ืช ื•ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ ืฉืคื˜ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ื•ื”ืฉืฉื™ ื™ืชืจืขื ืœืขื’ืœื” ืืฉืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื• ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸโ€œ. ื•ืงืืžืจ ืœื™ื” ื ื‘ื™ื: ืื ืžืขื˜ ื•ืืกื™ืคื” ืœืš ื›ื”ื ื” ื•ื›ื”ื ื”. ื›ื”ื ื”โ€”ืฉื™ืช, ื•ื›ื”ื ื”โ€”ืฉื™ืช. ื“ื”ื•ื• ืœื”ื• ืชืžื ื™ ืกืจื™.

ืกื ื”ื“ืจื™ืŸ ื›ื,ื

And Nathan is not claiming that David had taken Saulโ€™s wives ื•ืืชื ื” ืœืš ืืชโ€ฆื ืฉื™ ืื“ื ื™ืš ื‘ื—ื™ืงืš; it is that only another king may marry a kingโ€™s wife. Having that right means that David is truly a king:

ื•ืื•ืžืจ ื•ึฐืึถืช ื ึฐืฉึตืื™ ืึฒื“ึนื ึถื™ืšึธ ื‘ึฐึผื—ึตื™ืงึถืšึธ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื™ื• ื ืฉื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืœื ืฉื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ืืžืจ ืฉื ืฉื™ื• ื”ื ื‘ืจืฉื•ืชื• ืœืœืงื—ื ืื ื™ืจืฆื”, ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžื™ ืฉื™ืžื—ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื•, ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื›ืคื™ ื”ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืงื—ืชื ืฉืืœืžื ืช ืžื•ืชืจืช ืœืžืœืš ืื—ืจ.

ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื—

And when ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ืš it means that David has lost the kingship.

But what is interesting is the nature of the crime that David is guilty of: ื‘ื–ื™ืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ. There was no technical crime for which David could be convicted. It was morally wrong but not prosecutable.

ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื”ืžืœื™ื›ื•, ืฉืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ึผึดื–ึธื” ืื•ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืจืื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื—ืจ ื‘ื• ื”ืณโ€ฆ

ื›ืœื™ ื™ืงืจ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื˜

What David has done disqualifies him from being ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ, exactly parallel to Saul:

ื›ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืณ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื›ืฉืžืข ื‘ืงื•ืœ ื”ืณ; ื”ื ื” ืฉืžืข ืžื–ื‘ื— ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืžื—ืœื‘ ืื™ืœื™ืืƒ ื›ื’ ื›ื™ ื—ื˜ืืช ืงืกื ืžืจื™ ื•ืื•ืŸ ื•ืชืจืคื™ื ื”ืคืฆืจ; ื™ืขืŸ ืžืืกืช ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืžืืกืš ืžืžืœืšืƒ

โ€ฆ

ื›ื— ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืœื™ื• ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืงืจืข ื”ืณ ืืช ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืขืœื™ืš ื”ื™ื•ื; ื•ื ืชื ื” ืœืจืขืš ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžืžืšืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื•

And Nathan does not denounce him for the adultery, but for having Uriah killed then taking his wife: ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืชื™ ื”ื›ื™ืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื•ืืช ืืฉืชื• ืœืงื—ืช ืœืš ืœืืฉื”; ื•ืืชื• ื”ืจื’ืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ (note the order: first you killed Uriah, then you took his wife). The second ืืชื• ื”ืจื’ืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ, the Midrash understands as referring to the rest of his platoon that died in the charge:

ื•ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืช ื‘ื—ืจื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื•ืŸ: ื•ืจื‘ื ื™ืŸ ืืžืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ื”ืจื’ืช, ืžื’ื™ื“ ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื• ื”ืจื’.

ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ (ื‘ื•ื‘ืจ) ืคืจืฉื” ื›ื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื‘

The original affair was not as much a ื‘ื–ื™ื•ืŸ as marrying Bat Sheva afterward.


To help understand this, we need to understand the parable. Now, we could try to establish parallels for every detail in the parable, but thatโ€™s probably not right:

ื•ืืฃ ื›ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื™ืŸ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ืขื ื“ื‘ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืœื ื›ื•ื•ื ืชื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืขืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื‘ืœ ื™ืจื’ื™ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ ืคื™ื• ืžืœืคืกื•ืง ื”ื“ื™ืŸ.

ืžืฆื•ื“ืช ื“ื•ื“, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘,ื

The rich man is David (ืืชื” ื”ืื™ืฉ), the poor man is presumably Uriah and the lamb is presumably Bat Sheva, but in the parable it is the lamb that is killed, not the poor man. And the lamb is ื›ื‘ืช, like a daughter, not like a wife.

ื”ืžืฉืœ ื”ื–ื” ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื• ื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืจืฉ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืืœื ืืฉืชื• ื–ืืชโ€ฆื•ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื•ืชื’ื“ืœ ืขืžื• ื•ืขื ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื—ื“ื• ืืžืจื• ื›ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืœื• ืžืืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื•ืžืชื”, ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ืื•ืจื— ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ืฆืจ ื•ื”ืœืš ื•ืื•ืจื— ืื—ื“.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื

However, Tosafot infers from the gemaraโ€™s discussion of the โ€œื’ื˜โ€ that Uriah gave to Batsheva, that Uriah had no other children (I donโ€™t want to get into the details of the halachic discussion, but basically the question was whether the ื’ื˜ was conditional on his death or not):

ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืœืžืœื—ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื’ื˜ ื›ืจื™ืชื•ืช ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืœืืฉืชื•: ืคื™ืณ ื‘ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ืฉืื ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ื™ื”ื ื’ื˜ ืžืฉืขืช ื›ืชื™ื‘ืชื•, ื•ืงืฉื” ืœืจืดืช ื“ืืดื› ืžืื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืื ืœื ืžื”ื ื™ ืืœื ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื.

ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช, ื›ืชื•ื‘ื•ืช ื˜,ื‘

This assumption, that Uriah had no other children, will tie into our understanding of ื”ืณ's response to the birth of Bat Shevaโ€™s child.

The main aspect of the parable that has no apparent parallel is the guest, for whom the rich man takes the lamb. The gemara has a very powerful interpretation: the guest is Davidโ€™s ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข:

ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื: ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ืงืจืื• [ืœื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข] ื”ืœืš ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงืจืื• ืื•ืจื— ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ืงืจืื• ืื™ืฉ, ืฉื ืืžืจ ื•ึทื™ึธึผื‘ึนื ื”ึตืœึถืšึฐ ืœึฐืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึถืขึธืฉึดืื™ืจ ื•ึทื™ึทึผื—ึฐืžึนืœ ืœึธืงึทื—ึทืช ืžึดืฆึนึผืื ื•ึน ื•ึผืžึดื‘ึฐึผืงึธืจื•ึน ืœึทืขึฒืฉื‚ื•ึนืช ืœึธืึนืจึตื—ึท, ื•ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ึทื™ึดึผืงึทึผื— ืึถืช ื›ึดึผื‘ึฐืฉึทื‚ืช ื”ึธืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึธืจึธืืฉื ื•ึทื™ึทึผืขึฒืฉึถื‚ื”ึธ ืœึธืึดื™ืฉื ื”ึทื‘ึธึผื ืึตืœึธื™ื•.

ืกื•ื›ื” ื ื‘,ื‘

ื•ืจื‘ื•ื–ืดืœ ื“ืจืฉื•ื”ื• ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฆืจ ื”ืจืข ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื”ืœืš ืฉืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœื ื™ืœื™ืŸ ืขืžื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืื•ืจื— ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœืŸ ืขืžื• ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืฉืœ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื•ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืงืจืื• ืื™ืฉ ื•ื™ืขืฉื” ืœืื™ืฉ ื”ื‘ื ืืœื™ื•.

ืจื“ืดืง, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื

ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ืœื” ื•ื™ืงื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ื™ืชื”ืœืš ืขืœ ื’ื’ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ืงืจืื• ื”ืœืš ื›ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ืคืณ ื—ืœืง โ€ืื”ืื™ ืงืจื ืืชื ืฉื˜ืŸ ืื“ืžื™ ืœื™ื” ื›ืฆืคืจืชื ื›ื•ืณโ€œ ืขืดืฉ, ื•ืื—ืดื› ื•ื™ืงื—ื” ื•ืชื‘ื ืืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื›ื‘ ื•ื’ื•ืณ ื•ืชืฉื‘ ืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื” ืงืจืื• ืื•ืจื—, ื•ืื—ืดื› ื ื”ืจื’ ืื•ืจื™ื” ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื ืฉืื” ืœืืฉื” ืงืจืื• ืื™ืฉ.

ืžื”ืจืฉืดื, ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืื’ื“ื•ืช, ืฉื

But why have a parable at all? It seems clear that the goal is for David to cast judgment on himself. He needs to realize that the failure to create a kingdom where ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืขืฉื” ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ืฆื“ืงื” ืœื›ืœ ืขืžื• goes all the way to the top. But actually, we all have the opportunity to judge ourselves:

ื›ืœืœื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ื“ืงื“ืง ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื, ื—ืก ื•ืฉืœื•ื, ืื—ืจ ืขืฉื™ืช ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื™ื•, ื™ืžืฆืื• ืจื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ืžื™ืŸ, ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืืจื• ืœื• ื™ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื•ื˜ื ื“ืžืขื•ื˜ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื•, ื•ื™ืงืจื ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื” ืฉื ืจืฉืข ืœืขื•ืœื. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื ื”ื’ ืขืžื• ื‘ืžื“ืช ื”ืจื—ืžื™ื ื•ื™ื—ืคืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื•, ื™ืฉืืจื• ื–ื›ื™ื•ืชื™ื• ืขืœ ืžื›ื•ื ืŸ.

ื•ื”ื ื” ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืชืœื•ื™ ืœืคื™ ื”ื”ื ื”ื’ื” ืฉื”ื ื”ื™ื’ ืืช ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ื—ื™ื™ื• ืขื ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช: ืื ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœื›ืฃ ื–ื›ื•ืช ,ื“ื ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ,ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืงื›ื–. ื•ืื ื“ืจื›ื• ื”ื™ื” ืœืœืžื“ ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืจืข, ื’ื ื”ืžืœืื›ื™ ื”ืฉืจืช ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ืจืข ืœืžืขืœื”, ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืžืฉืœื™ (ื™ื:ื”), ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ืš ืฉื™ื“ืข ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ื• ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื, ื›ื™ ื‘ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ื“ืŸ ืืช ื—ื‘ืจื•, ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœื˜ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื˜, ืื– ื‘ื“ื‘ื•ืจื™ื• ืžืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืžืกื“ืจ ื“ื™ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื•.

ื—ืคืฅ ื—ื™ื™ื, ืฉืžื™ืจืช ื”ืœืฉื•ืŸ, ืฉืขืจ ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื”, ื“

And he decrees two punishments: ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ืช ื”ืื™ืฉ and ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื, and Nathanโ€™s two-fold declaration, ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืš ืœืขื™ื ื™ืš ื•ื ืชืชื™ ืœืจืขื™ืš and ืœื ืชืกื•ืจ ื—ืจื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืชืš ืขื“ ืขื•ืœื hint to this: he loses his kingdom (which, for a king, only happens at the end of his life) and his children will die as well.

ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื: ื›ืš ืื™ืจืข ืœื•, ืฉืœืงื” ื‘ืืจื‘ืขื” ื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื™ืœื“ ื•ืืžื ื•ืŸ ืชืžืจ ื•ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื:

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื•

ืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื• ื–ืณืณืœ ื›ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉืฉืคื˜ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืžืจ ืชื—ืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื™ืช ืื•ืจื™ื” ื•ืžืชื• ืชื—ืชื™ื• ืืจื‘ืขื” ืžื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื”ื ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ืืžื ื•ืŸ ื•ืื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื•ืื“ื ื™ื”.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื–

Ralbag himself thinks the parallel is the reverse: the fourfold payment is ืœืงื—ืชื™ ืืช ื ืฉื™ืš:

ื•ื”ื ืจืื” ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ื™ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืืžืจ ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืคื˜ื• ื”ืฉืณืณื™ ืฉื™ืฉื›ื‘ ืื™ืฉ ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื ืฉื™ื• ืœืขื™ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.

ืจืœื‘ืดื’, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื™ื‘:ื–

Now, this fits with the fourfold payment: the ewe is Bat Sheva whom he took, and the punishment is losing four of his wives. But according to those who count the fourfold loss of Davidโ€™s children, whatโ€™s the metaphor? Thereโ€™s another possible understanding of the fourfold payment for the lamb:

ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืงื— ื“ื•ื“ ืขื•ื“ ืคืœื’ืฉื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ื ืžื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ืื• ืžื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ; ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื•ื“ ืœื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื ื•ื‘ื ื•ืชืƒ ื™ื“ ื•ืืœื” ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื; ืฉืžื•ืข ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืฉืœืžื”ืƒ ื˜ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืืœื™ืฉื•ืข ื•ื ืคื’ ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืƒ ื˜ื– ื•ืืœื™ืฉืžืข ื•ืืœื™ื“ืข ื•ืืœื™ืคืœื˜ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื”

ื“ ืฉืฉื” ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืžืœืš ืฉื ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืฉืฉื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื; ื•ืฉืœืฉื™ื ื•ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื” ืžืœืš ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืืƒ
ื” ื•ืืœื” ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืœื• ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื; ืฉืžืขื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข ื‘ืช ืขืžื™ืืœืƒ ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื•ืืœื™ืฉืžืข ื•ืืœื™ืคืœื˜ืƒ ื– ื•ื ื’ื” ื•ื ืคื’ ื•ื™ืคื™ืขืƒ ื— ื•ืืœื™ืฉืžืข ื•ืืœื™ื“ืข ื•ืืœื™ืคืœื˜ ืชืฉืขื”ืƒ ื˜ ื›ืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ื ื™ ืคื™ืœื’ืฉื™ื ื•ืชืžืจ ืื—ื•ืชืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื’

The first four children born in Jerusalem are born to ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข, which seems to be an alternate spelling for ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข (which happens all the time in ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื).

ื•ื”ื•ืดื• ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืดืช ื™ืฉืชื•ื• ื‘ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืชืื•ื” ื•ืชืื‘ื”.

ืจืžื‘ืดืŸ, ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœ:ื›

The Gra points out that this implies that David and Bat Sheva had children before Shlomo:

ืฉืžืขื ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืฉืœืžื” ืืจื‘ืขื” ืœื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข: ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข ื•ื”ื ื” ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืฉืœืžื” (ืžืœื›ื™ื ื ื”:ื™ื) ื•ึทื™ึถึผื—ึฐื›ึทึผื ืžึดื›ึธึผืœ ื”ึธืึธื“ึธื ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื›ืŸ ืœื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”. ืฉืžืข ืžื™ื ื”, ื“ืจืš ืœื™ื“ืชืŸ ืงื—ืฉื™ื‘โ€ฆืžืฉืžืข ืฉื”ื•ืœื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืฉืœืžื” ื•ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ ืฉืžืช.

ืื“ืจืช ืืœื™ื”ื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื’:ื”

Rav Medan says that four of David and Bat Shevaโ€™s sons died in childhood. That was the punishment ื•ืืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื™ืฉืœื ืืจื‘ืขืชื™ื.

ืฉืœืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื ื” ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™. ืงื“ืžื• ืœื• ื”ื™ืœื“, ืฉืžืช ื›ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืขื“ ืฉืœื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื• ืฉื. ื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืžื•ืข (ืฉืžืขื) ื•ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ. ืžื“ื•ืข ื ื‘ื—ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืฉืœืžื” ื•ืœื ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื•?โ€ฆืžื“ื•ืข ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืื•ืชื• ืื”ื‘ ื”ืณ ื•ืงืจื ืœื• ื™ื“ื™ื“ื™ื”?

ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืœื›ืš: ื›ืฉื ืฉืžืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ื›ืš ืžืชื• ื’ื ืฉืžื•ืข, ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื•ื ืชืŸ ื‘ื™ืœื“ื•ืชื. ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื‘ืช-ืฉื‘ืข ื›ืื—ื“ ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ื ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืช ื”ื›ื‘ืฉื” ื”ืื—ืชโ€ฆืจืง ืžืฉืžืœืื” ื›ื•ืก ื”ื™ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืœื“ ื”ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื”ืณ ืื”ื‘ื•.

ื”ืจื‘ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืžื“ืŸ, ืžื’ื™ืœืช ื‘ืช ืฉื‘ืข, ืขืžืณ 147-148

I would note a possible connection that explains the spelling ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข:

ื‘ ื•ื™ืจื ืฉื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืช ืื™ืฉ ื›ื ืขื ื™ ื•ืฉืžื• ืฉื•ืข; ื•ื™ืงื—ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื ืืœื™ื”ืƒ ื’ ื•ืชื”ืจ ื•ืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืขืจืƒ ื“ ื•ืชื”ืจ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ; ื•ืชืงืจื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืื•ื ืŸืƒ ื” ื•ืชืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื•ืชืœื“ ื‘ืŸ ื•ืชืงืจื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉืœื”; ื•ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื–ื™ื‘ ื‘ืœื“ืชื” ืืชื•ืƒ โ€ฆ[All but one of Yehudaโ€™s sons die]โ€ฆ ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืจื‘ื• ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืชืžืช ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข ืืฉืช ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ื•ื™ื ื—ื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืขืœ ืขืœ ื’ื–ื–ื™ ืฆืื ื• ื”ื•ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื” ืจืขื”ื• ื”ืขื“ืœืžื™ ืชืžื ืชื”ืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืคืจืง ืœื—

The original ื‘ืช ืฉื•ืข was Yehudaโ€™s first wife, who also lost all but her youngest son.

This may explain the text, but it still does not explain the parable of the sheep being paid back fourfold. If the lamb represents Bat Sheva, then how is the loss of four children a payment? Rabbi David Fohrmanโ€™s Tanach Yemei Iyun lecture suggests (as I understand him) that the lamb in the parable represents Uriahโ€™s lost child. By killing Uriah and taking Bat Sheva, David has eliminated Uriahโ€™s legacy, and he will pay by losing four of his own children. (This, of course, is only a powerful suggestion if Uriah does not have other children.) This also will explain why Shlomo is beloved while the others die in childhood, but that discussion lies in the future.

It also explains why the emphasis now is on ื›ื™ ื‘ื–ืชื ื™ ื•ืชืงื— ืืช ืืฉืช ืื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื—ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืš ืœืืฉื” as the essence of Davidโ€™s sin. Weโ€™ve talked about the Biblical antecedents of the David and Bat Sheva story, and how they all revolve around the concept of ื™ื‘ื•ื, and about the ื—ืกื“ implicit in raising a child ืขืœ ืฉื ื”ืžืช. But the marriage has to be for the sake of the ืžืฆื•ื”:

ืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืฆื”, ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”.
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืชื›ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืœืฉื ืžืฆื•ื”, ืืžืจื• ืžืฆื•ืช ื—ืœื™ืฆื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช ืœืžืฆื•ืช ื™ื‘ื•ื.

ืžืฉื ื” ื‘ื›ื•ืจื•ืช ื:ื–

ืื‘ื ืฉืื•ืœ ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื›ื•ื ืก ืืช ื™ื‘ืžืชื• ืœืฉื ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœืฉื•ื ืื™ืฉื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ ื›ืื™ืœื• ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขืจื•ื” ื•ืงืจื•ื‘ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื“ ืžืžื–ืจ.

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืœื˜,ื‘

If David had married Bat Sheva as a spiritual ื™ื‘ื•ื and raised the child as Uriahโ€™s legacy, then his sin, while not necessarily forgivable, could be redeemed. He needed not to act in his own interest, but as a ืžืœืš of the entire nation. But he failed: ื•ืชื”ื™ ืœื• ืœืืฉื” ื•ืชืœื“ ืœื• ื‘ืŸ. And now the consequences of the whole sordid affair are inevitable.

The story sets up David, taking him from the highs of his expected ultimate vindication to the realization that he has lost everything he every dreamed of. The parallel to Saul is clear, and just as Saul died ignominiously and lost his kingdom, so too will David. But Davidโ€™s response allows for the possibility of repentance and forgiveness.