Before we move on in the story of David and Jerusalem, I want to note a difference between the presentations in ืฉืืืื and ืืืจื ืืืืื.
In ืฉืืืื ื the order is:
- David is crowned king
- David takes Jerusalem
- Davidโs foreign policy (Tyre, wives and Philistine wars)
- David attempts to move the ark to Jerusalem
(the list of Davidโs warriors does not appear until ืคืจืง ืื)
In ืืืจื ืืืืื ื:
- David is crowned king
- David takes Jerusalem
- Davidโs warriors
- Davidโs army (does not appear in ืฉืืืื at all)
- David attempts to move the ark to Jerusalem
- Davidโs foreign policy (Tyre, wives and Philistine wars)
ืืืจื ืืืืื gives us more details on the people in Davidโs service, and tells the story of moving the ark earlier. Now the two narratives (moving the ark and the foreign policy) actually took place over the same period of time, so the order is a matter of which one has priority. ืืืจื ืืืืื also gives us details that are not present in ืฉืืืื:
ื ืืืกืฃ ืขืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฃื
ื ืืืงื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ืืณ ืฆืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืื
ื ืืืืขืฅ ืืืื ืขื ืฉืจื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืื
ื ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ื ืคืจืฆื ื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืจืฉืืื; ืืืงืืฆื ืืืื ืื
ื ืื ืกืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืงืื ื ืืืื ื; ืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืื
ื ืืืืืจื ืื ืืงืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื; ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืื ืืขืื
ื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืจืืื
ื ืืืขื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืชื ืื ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืืื; ืืืขืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืณ ืืืฉื ืืืจืืืื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉืื
[W]here Samuel and Kings can be described as histories of the monarchy, it is Chronicles which views the events more from the perspective of the people. A detail which was irrelevant from the perspective of the impactโฆon David becomes highly significant in a contxt in which the people of Israel are the focus.
And this side of David, the representative of the people, is noted by the midrash:
ืืชื ืืืฆื ืืืื ืืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืื ื ืื ืขืฆืื ืืืืื ืืคื ื ืืืงืื, ืืื ืืืื ืขืฆืื ืืคื ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืืช ืืืืื ืฉื ืืงืื. ืืืืชื? ืืฉืขื ืฉืืขืื ืืืจืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืขื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืฉืืื ืืืดื (ืฉืืืื ื ื) โืืืืกืฃ ืขืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืืืจ ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฃโ. ืืืจ ืืื: ืืื ื ืืขืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืื. ืืื ื ืชืืืขืฅ ืขื ืฉืจื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืฉืืฉืืื ืืื ืืดื ืฉืืชืงืืฆื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืืจืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) โืืืืขืฅ ืืื ืขื ืฉืจื ืืืืคืื ืืืืืืช ืืื ื ืืืโ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) โืืืืืจ ืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ืืืืณโ โืืืงืืฆื ืืืื ื ืื ืกืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืื ื ืืืืณโ. ืืื ืืืจื ืื ืืืื ืขืฉื ืืื ืฉืืชื ืืคืฅ ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) โืืืืืจื ืื ืืงืื ืืขืฉืืช ืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืขืื ื ืื ืืขืโ. ืืื ืฉืื ืืงืืฅ ืื ืืฉืจืื ืฉืืื ืืดื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืืจื ืืืืื ื ืื) ืโืืงืื ืืื ืืช ืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืฉืืืืจ ืืฆืจืื ืืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืงืจืืช ืืขืจืืโ.
David says ืื ืื ืืจืฉื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืื and includes himself in the transgression. ืืจืืฉืช ืืณ is incumbent on all of us:
ืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืื ืืฉืื ืืช ืฉืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ื ืชืืจืฉื ืืืืช ืฉืืื
โืื ืื ืื ืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืจ ืืณ ืืืงืืื ืืื ืฉืืืืืโ, ืืจืืฉ ืขื ืคื ื ืืื. ืืืื ืชืืชืื ืขื ืฉืืืืจ ืื ื ืืื ืชืืืื ืืืืจ ืืฉืื ื ืชืืจืฉื ืืืืช ืฉืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืฆืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืืื.
As Isaiah says,
ืืจืฉื ืืณ ืืืืฆืื; ืงืจืืื ืืืืืชื ืงืจืืื
David will now correct this omission.
ื ืืืงื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืืขืื ืืืืื ืืืขืืืช ืืฉื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ืืณ ืฆืืืึพืช ืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืขืืืื
ื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืื ืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืขื; ืืขืื ืืืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืื ื ืืืื ืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืื
ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืฉืจ ืืืืขื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืืงืื; ืืืืื ืืื ืืคื ื ืืืจืืื
ื ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืงืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืื ืขืฆื ืืจืืฉืื; ืืืื ืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืคืื ืืืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืฆืืฆืืืื
ื ืืืืื ืขื ืืจื ื ืืื; ืืืฉืื ืขืื ืื ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืืืื ืื ืื ืฉืืื ืืืงืจื
ื ืืืืจ ืืฃ ืืณ ืืขืื ืืืืื ืฉื ืืืืงืื ืขื ืืฉื; ืืืืช ืฉื ืขื ืืจืื ืืืืงืืื
ื ืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฅ ืืณ ืคืจืฅ ืืขืื; ืืืงืจื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืคืจืฅ ืขืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืื
ื ืืืจื ืืื ืืช ืืณ ืืืื ืืืื; ืืืืืจ ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืจืื ืืณื
ื ืืื ืืื ืืื ืืืกืืจ ืืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืขื ืขืืจ ืืื; ืืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืชืื
ืืขืื ืืืืื is another name for ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื:
ืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืืจืืฉ ืืืจ ืื ืืขืื ืื ื ืคืชืื ืืืฆื ืื ืขืจื ืืจ ืขืคืจืื; ืืชืืจ ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืื ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืืื
We need to review how the ืืจืื got to ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื:
ื ืืืฉืื ืืขื ืฉืื ืืืฉืื ืืฉื ืืช ืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืณ ืฆืืึพืืช ืืฉื ืืืจืืื; ืืฉื ืฉื ื ืื ื ืขืื ืขื ืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืืืงืื ืืคื ื ืืคืื ืืกื
โฆื ืืืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืื ืืฃ ืืฉืจืื ืืื ืกื ืืืฉ ืืืืืื ืืชืื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืื; ืืืคื ืืืฉืจืื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืฃ ืจืืืื
ืื ืืืจืื ืืืงืื ื ืืงื; ืืฉื ื ืื ื ืขืื ืืชื ืืคื ื ืืคืื ืืกื
ื ืืืงืจืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืื ืื ืืืงืกืืื ืืืืจ ืื ื ืขืฉื ืืืจืื ืืณ; ืืืืขื ื ืืื ื ืฉืืื ื ืืืงืืืื
โฆื ืืขืชื ืงืื ืืขืฉื ืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืืช ืืฉืชื ืคืจืืช ืขืืืช ืืฉืจ ืื ืขืื ืขืืืื ืขื; ืืืกืจืชื ืืช ืืคืจืืช ืืขืืื ืืืฉืืืชื ืื ืืื ืืืืจืืื ืืืืชืื
ื ืืืงืืชื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืื ืชืชื ืืชื ืื ืืขืืื ืืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืฉืจ ืืฉืืชื ืื ืืฉื ืชืฉืืื ืืืจืื ืืฆืื; ืืฉืืืชื ืืชื ืืืืื
ื ืืจืืืชื ืื ืืจื ืืืืื ืืขืื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืื ืขืฉื ืื ื ืืช ืืจืขื ืืืืืื ืืืืช; ืืื ืื ืืืืขื ื ืื ืื ืืื ื ืืขื ืื ื ืืงืจื ืืื ืืื ืื ืื
โฆ
ืื ืืืฉืจื ื ืืคืจืืช ืืืจื ืขื ืืจื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืกืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื; ืืกืจื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืฉืืฉื
ืื ืืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืงืฆืจืื ืงืฆืืจ ืืืื ืืขืืง; ืืืฉืื ืืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืจืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืฉืืื ืืจืืืชื
โฆ
ืื ืืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืืืช ืืืจืื ืืฉืจ ืืชื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืื ืืื ืืืฉืื ืื ืืืื ืืืืืื; ืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืขืื ืขืืืช ืืืืืื ืืืืื ืืืื ืืืื ืืืณื
โฆืื ืืื ืืื ืฉื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ืจืื ืืืจืื ืืณ ืืื ืืขื ืฉืืขืื ืืืฉ ืืืฉืื ืืืฃ ืืืฉ; ืืืชืืืื ืืขื ืื ืืื ืืณ ืืขื ืืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืืืืจื ืื ืฉื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืื ืืืื ืืขืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืืืงืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืื; ืืื ืื ืืขืื ืืขืืื ืื
ืื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืืื ืื ืืืฉืื ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื ืืืืจ; ืืฉืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืจืื ืืขืื ืืชื ืืืืืื
ืืืืื ืื ืฉื ืงืจืืช ืืขืจืื ืืืขืื ืืช ืืจืื ืืณ ืืืืื ืืชื ืื ืืืช ืืืื ืื ืืืืขื; ืืืช ืืืขืืจ ืื ื ืงืืฉื ืืฉืืจ ืืช ืืจืื ืืณื
David moves the ืืจืื on a wagon. This is clearly an error, as we know from the Torah:
ื ืื ืฉืื ืืืช ืื ืืืฉืคืืช ืืงืืชื ืืืืฆืคื ืื ืขืืืืื
ืื ืืืฉืืจืชื ืืืจื ืืืฉืืื ืืืื ืจื ืืืืืืืช ืืืื ืืงืืฉ ืืฉืจ ืืฉืจืชื ืืื; ืืืืกื ืืื ืขืืืชืื
ืื ืืืืืจ ืืณ ืื ืืฉื ืืื ืืืจื ืืืืจื
ืื ืื ืชืืจืืชื ืืช ืฉืื ืืฉืคืืช ืืงืืชื ืืชืื ืืืืืื
ืื ืืืืช ืขืฉื ืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืชื ืืืฉืชื ืืช ืงืืฉ ืืงืืฉืื; ืืืจื ืืื ืื ืืืื ืืฉืื ืืืชื ืืืฉ ืืืฉ ืขื ืขืืืชื ืืื ืืฉืืื
ื ืืื ืืืื ืืจืืืช ืืืืข ืืช ืืงืืฉ ืืืชืื
ื ืืืงื ืืฉื ืืช ืืขืืืช ืืืช ืืืงืจ; ืืืชื ืืืชื ืื ืืืืืื
ื ืืช ืฉืชื ืืขืืืืช ืืืช ืืจืืขืช ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืจืฉืื; ืืคื ืขืืืชืื
ื ืืืช ืืจืืข ืืขืืืช ืืืช ืฉืื ืช ืืืงืจ ื ืชื ืืื ื ืืจืจื; ืืคื ืขืืืชื ืืื ืืืชืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืืืืื
ื ืืืื ื ืงืืช ืื ื ืชื; ืื ืขืืืช ืืงืืฉ ืขืืื ืืืชืฃ ืืฉืืื
Iโm going to focus on Davidโs error, not Uzzahโs, but I will say that this story is the haftorah for Parashat Shmini, and it is usually assumed that Uzzah had the same motivation as Nadav and Avihu, to be as close as possible to ืืณ.
At the end of our Parsha ([Bamidbar] 4:18), HaShem commands Moshe and Aharon not to bring about the โcutting offโ of the tribe of Kehas, one of Leviโs sons (see Rashi ad loc). Why was G-d so worried about the premature death of the members of Mosheโs own tribal family? Moreover, Ramban (3:14) calculates that the tribe of Levi was markedly smaller than any of the other tribes. Why was this so? A number of answers have been proposed, but the Midrash (Bamidbar Rabah 5:1) proposes an explanation which is both strange and disturbing.
Our Sages tell us that the reward for carrying the Holy Ark was exceedingly great. The Kehas family was charged with carrying the Ark among the other sacred vessels of the Mishkan. As such, these Levites would each vie for the honor of bearing the Ark on their shoulders and in their rush forward would behave in an unseemly manner resulting in their untimely death. G-d, therefore, instructed Moshe and Aharon to properly manage the transportation of the Ark to prevent this tragedy from occurring.
Was it simply the promise of reward that precipitated this frenzy? HaRav Avigdor Nebenzahl, shlita, suggests that what drove them towards the Ark was their intense fascination with kedusha. The holy and sacred had an almost hypnotic mesmerizing effect upon them. They were drawn to kedusha like metal shearings in the proximity of a powerful magnet. Regrettably, this spiritual intoxication led them to take unacceptable liberties in the presence of Gd with fatal results. Shades of Nadav and Avihu who, in their religious passion to approach G-d, violate a prohibited boundary and die.
Prior to the giving of the Torah, the Jewish People are warned more than once not to encroach too close to the mountain (Shemos 19:12, 23, 24) lest they be destroyed. Here too, there was a real fear that in their innocent desire to come close to Gd, they simply wouldnโt be able to control themselves.
โฆ
Yearning for spiritual intimacy, longing to act upon an overwhelming love for HaShem is a wonderful aspiration. However, sometimes this headlong dive into the holy and divine comes at the expense of other values no less important. The Talmud in Yuma (23a) tells of the tragic incident when two priests running up the ramp of the Altar, both contending for the honor to perform a sacrificial rite, results in one murdering the other.
[I]n chapter 20 of [Mesillas Yesharim], the Ramchal writes a very important caveat defining when it is appropriate to act in accordance with midas haChassidus. The Ramchal calls the chapter the mishkal haChassidus (from the word mishkalโscale), meaning that one has to weigh whether now is an appropriate time and place to employ the attribute of piety beyond the letter of the law (Chassidus). The Ramchal emphasizes that a person must be very careful and deliberate in weighing the appropriateness in any given circumstance of taking upon oneself requirements that are strictly speaking โover and above the call of duty.โ
The Ramchal cites an incident from our parsha as an example. At the end of Parshas Bamidbar, the Torah says that Moshe and Aharon instructed the Children of Kehas [as in Rabbi Bienenfeldโs note]โฆ
The Mesillas Yesharim asks, โWhat is really happening here?โ The entire family of Kehas was โacting for the sake of Heaven.โ They wanted to carry the Aron! They sought to invoke the midas Chassidus (striving for the most pious behavior possible) for which people are supposed to receive great reward. However, someone must ask himselfโis this worth it? In order to achieve the reward of carrying the Aron, should major fights break out between brothers and cousins? Is that what Divine Service is all about?
This is what the Mesillas Yesharim means by mishkal haChassidusโthe weighing of factors and considerations to determine whether this is the time and place and way to act with extreme piety. The Ramchal says that if someone really wants to be a truly pious individual, he must weigh all the results and ramifications that will come about from his โpious actsโ to evaluate carefully whether or not they are as righteous and praiseworthy as he thinks they are. Sometimes abstaining from initiating โacts of pietyโ may bring about greater sanctification of Hashemโs Name and find greater Divine Favor than implementing those actions. If so, forgo the piety. Under those circumstances, it is better to abstain than to โact piouslyโ.
So why didnโt David do it right?
ืืืขื ืื ืืฉืจ ืฉืื ืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืงืจื ืืคืืจืฉ ืืฉื ืื ืื ืืืื ืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื ืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืืชืื ืืืชืฃ ืืฉืื ืื ืืืจ ืืืืชื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืฆืื ืืึพื ืื ืืคื ืฉืืื ืืืฉืื ื ืฉื ืืขืืืืช ืฆืื ืืฉืืช ืืช ืืืจืื ืืืชืฃ ืืืจืืืช ืื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืงืืืฉืช ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืืื ืฉืื ืืื ืฉื ืืฉืื ืืฉื ืฉืืื ืืื ืื ืืฉืืืื ืืขืืื.
And itโs a reasonable opinion. The Rambam agrees that once the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ is built, the law does not apply.
ืืืืฆืื ืืืดื ืืื ืฉืฆืื ื ืฉืืฉืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจืื ืขื ืืชืคืืื ืืฉื ืจืฆื ืืฉืืช ืืืชื ืืืงืื ืืืงืื. ืืืื ืืืจื ืืชืขืื (ื ืฉื ื) ืื ืขืืืืช ืืงืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืชืฃ ืืฉืื. ืืืฃ ืขื ืคื ืฉืื ืืฆืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืช ืืืื ืืื ื ืืื ืื ืืืืขืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืื ืื ืืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืจื ืืื ืืจืืฉ, ืืื ื ืืืืจืืช ืืืืืื ืืืฆืื ืื ืืืื ืื ืืื ืืฉืืืื.
ืืืืจ ื ืชืืืจื ืืืืจืื ืืกืคืจ ืืืืฉื ืืจื ืจืืดื ืืืื ืขื ืืจืืืดื, ืืฉืืืช ืืจืืืดื ืืฉืชื ืืฆืืืช ืื ืื ืฉืืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืื ื ืฉืืืช ืืื ืืืฉืืโฆืืื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืช ืืืจืื ืืขืฆืื ืืืฉืขืช ืืฆืืื ืืืืืืโฆืืืื ืืฆืื ืฉื ืืืจื ืขื ืืืื ืื ืืืืโฆืืืฆืื ืื ืืื ืืฆืื ืืืืจืืช ืืืขืช ืืจืืืดื, ืืฉืืดื ืืฆืืช ื ืฉืืืช ืืืฉืื ืืชืืืื ืืขืช ืฉืืื ืืืืช ืขืืืืื, ืืืืชื ืื ืืื ื ืืจืืืดื ืืืื ืชืจืืดื ืืฆืืืช, ืื ืืืชื ืืฆืืช ืฉืขื ืืืื.
And David presumably had a specific reason for putting the ืืจืื on a wagon. Note that it is called ืืจืื ืืืืงืื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ืืณ ืฆืืืืช ืืฉื ืืืจืืื ืขืืื, the name used to describe it when it was captured: ืืจืื ืืจืืช ืืณ ืฆืืึพืืช ืืฉื ืืืจืืื. Note also that David goes with 30,000 men, exactly the number that fell when the ืืจืื was taken. And when it was returned, it was sent on an ืขืืื ืืืฉื by the Philistines.
David intends to undo the horrific event that led to the loss of the ืืจืื. The return had started 20 years ago, with a sign from G-d when the cows pulling went straight back to Judah. They just stopped a little too early. David wants to allow the miracle to come to its logical conclusion: the wagon will be brought to ืืจ ืฆืืื.
ืื ืจืื ืืื ืฉืืจืืืื ืขื ืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืขืฉื ืืฉืืืื ืืืชื ืืฉื ืืฆืืื ืืืืจืื ื ืืคื ืฉืืืจ ืืื ืื ืขืืืช ืฉืื ืืื ืืฉืืฉืืืืื ืคืืฉืชืื ืขื ืขืืื ืืืฉื ืืืืชืื ืืืฉืืื ืืช ืืืจืื ืืณ ืขื ืขืืื ืืืืณ.
But ืืณ lets them know that this was wrong:
ืืืฉืจื ื ืืคืจืืช ืืืจื ืขื ืืจื ืืืช ืฉืืฉ ืืืกืื ืืืช ืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืื ืกืจื ืืืื ืืฉืืืื; ืืกืจื ื ืคืืฉืชืื ืืืืื ืืืจืืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืช ืฉืืฉื
ืืจืื ืืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืงืืืฉืช ืืืจืื ืืฉื ื ืคื ืื ืืฉืืืืช ืืืงืจ ืืืืืช ืขืืื.
And Uzzah, seeing the cows stumble, instead of seeing it as a message, tries to โcorrectโ it:
ื ืืฆื ืืจืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืืื ืื ืืฆื ืืื ืืืฉืจืื ืืฆื ืืื, ื ืฉื ืืจืื ืืช ื ืืฉืืื ืืขืืจ, ืฉื ืืืจ: ืืืื ืืืฉืจ ืชื ืื ืืขื ืืขืืืจ ืืืขืืืจ ืืจืื ืืณ ืืืืื ืื ืืคื ื ืืขื. ืืขื ืืืจ ืื ื ืขื ืฉ ืขืืื, ืฉื ืืืจ: ืืืืื ืขื ืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืขืืื ืืช ืืื ืืืืื ืืช ืืืจืื, ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื: ืขืืื, ื ืืฉืืื ื ืฉื, ืขืฆืื ืื ืื ืฉืื!
ืืืดื see in Davidโs error a fundamental problem in his attitude toward the service of G-d:
ืืจืฉ ืจืื ืืคื ื ืื ื ืขื ืฉ ืืื ืืคื ื ืฉืงืจื ืืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืืจืืช ืืืชืื โืืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืงืืโ, ืืืจ ืื ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืฉืืชืื ืืื (ืืฉืื ืื:ื) โืืชืขืืฃ ืขืื ืื ืื ืืืื ื ืโ ืืชื ืงืืจื ืืืชื ืืืืจืืช ืืจืื ื ืืืฉืืื ืืืืจ ืฉืืคืืื ืชืื ืืงืืช ืฉื ืืืช ืจืื ืืืืขืื ืืืชืื ืืืื ื ืงืืช ืื ื ืชื ืื ืขืืืืช ืืงืืฉ ืขืืืื ืืืชืฃ ืืฉืื ืืืืื ืืชืื ืืขืืื.
ืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืงืื ืืืืช ืืืืจืื
ืืืฉืืืื ืืืืื ืื ืืืฆืขื ืืืชืจืช ืืงืืฉื ืืื, ืืืืืจื ืจืืื ืขืืื, ืฉืืื ืืื ืืื ืืฉืชืืื: (ื) ืืืืืช ืืืืืืโืฉืืืืจืื ืืฉืชืืข ืื ืืื ืฉืืื ืืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืืืจืืช, ืืื ืืื ื ื ืืจืฉ ืืืืืจ ืขืืืื; (ื) ืืืืกื ืืชืืจืโืฉืืืืจืื ืืฉืชืืข ืฉืืืจื ืชืืจื ืื ืืืจืื ืงืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืฆืืจื ืืืชืืืืข ืืื. ืืฉืชื ืืืื ืืช ืืืื ืืฉ ืืกืืก ืืกืื ืืืืจืฉ ืชื ืืืื (ืคื ืืก, ื): ืฉืืฉ ืฆืืืงืื ืฉื ืชืืื ืืืืจืื ืฉื ืืฆืื, ืืืชืืฉ ืืงืืืฉ ืืจืื ืืื ืืื, ืืช ืืืฆื ืฉืืืจ ืืื โืืืืจืืช ืืื ืื ืืงืืโ (ืชืืืื ืงืื), ืฉืงืืืช ืืจืืืืืช ืขืื ืืืืืจืืช.
ืืื, ืืืฉื ืจืฆื ืืืขืืืง ืืขื ืืื ืื ืืืชืจ ื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืื ืช ืืื ืืืืชื ืืืืื, ืืืก ืืืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืืืื ื ื ืืื ืฉืืื, ืืื ืฉืืืจืื ื ืืืจื ืืืืคื ืฉืขืืื ืืืชืคืจืฉ ืืืืืื ืื ืืืืก ืืืืขืื ืืขืจื ืืชืืจื ืืขืืื. ืืืืื ืืขืืชื ื ืชืืข ืืฉืืื ืขื ืืืืจืชื ืืืช, ืืื ืืืืชื ืฉื ืืืจ ื ืชืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืื ืืืจื ืชืืจื ืืืืืื ืขืืื ืืืืืจืืช ืืืื ืืชืขื ื ืืืโืืขืืงืจ ืืฆืืืชื.
Thereโs a hint to this in the wording. The initial attempt to move the ืืจืื was with ืฉืืืง:
ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืฉืืงืื ืืคื ื ืืณ ืืื ืขืฆื ืืจืืฉืื; ืืืื ืจืืช ืืื ืืืื ืืืชืคืื ืืืื ืขื ืขืื ืืืฆืืฆืืืื
The second, successful attempt was with ืฉืืื:
ืืืื ืืืื ืืื ืืืืจ ืืจื ืืณ ืืช ืืืช ืขืื ืืื ืืืช ืื ืืฉืจ ืื ืืขืืืจ ืืจืื ืืืืงืื; ืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืืื ืืืืช ืขืื ืืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืืื
As Abarbanel notes,
ืืืกืชืื ืื ืืจืืฉืื ื ื ืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืืืช ืืฉืจืื
ืืฉืืงืื, ืืื ืืขืืื ืืืืช ื ืืืจ ืืืขื ืืช ืืจืื ืืืืงืื
ืืืืช ืขืืื ืืืื ืขืืจ ืืื ืืฉืืื, ืฉืขืืื ืืฉืืืง ืืงืืืช
ืจืืฉ ืืืงืื ืืฉืืื, ืืขื ืืืืฆื ืืื ืืืจ ืืคืืืืกืืฃ
ืืืจืืกืื ืฉืืืืื ืืืืืฉืจืื ืื ืืฉืืื ืืื ืื
ืืฉืืืง.
What is the difference? Weโve dealt with this before: ืชืืืืื ืคืจืง ืื says ืืณ ืืขืื ืืฉืื ืืื. โืฉืืืง is the response to things that are incongruous, that donโt fit together. We find humor in puns, pratfalls and the unexpected blessing, and to these we laugh. Sometimes the distance between what we want and what reality presents us with is so great, we say โif I donโt laugh, Iโll cry.โ ืฉืืื, joy, is different. ืฉืืื is the feeling that things are as they should be, that everything has worked out, the feeling of ื ืืช ืจืื: , โallโs right with the worldโ, ืืืืื ืขืฉืืจ ืืฉืื ืืืืงื.
In everything that we do perceive as funny there is an element which, if we were serious and sufficiently sensitive, and sufficiently concerned [my emphasisโDHW], would be unpleasant.
When things donโt make sense, we laugh. When they do make sense, we are happy:
ื ืฉืืจ ืืืขืืืช;
ืืฉืื ืืณ ืืช ืฉืืืช ืฆืืื ืืืื ื ืืืืืืื
ื ืื ืืืื ืฉืืืง ืคืื ื ืืืฉืื ื ื ืจื ื;
ืื ืืืืจื ืืืืื ืืืืื ืืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืขื ืืืื
ื ืืืืื ืืณ ืืขืฉืืช ืขืื ื ืืืื ื ืฉืืืืื
ืฉืืืง isnโt the way we should do ืืฆืืืช:
ืชืดืจ ืืื ืขืืืืื ืืืชืคืื ืื ืืชืื ืขืฆืืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืขืฆืืืช ืืื ืืชืื ืฉืืืง ืืื ืืชืื ืฉืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืงืืืช ืจืืฉ ืืื ืืชืื ืืืจืื ืืืืื ืืื ืืชืื ืฉืืื ืฉื ืืฆืื.
ืฉืืืง in the service of ืืณ implies boundaries are being violated, as Rabbi Bienfeld mentioned. The modern Hebrew word is ืคืจืืฆืืช, which we will deal with later.
ืืฆืืง; ืืฉ ืืืฉืืข ืืื ืืืื ืขืจืืืช, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืืจืืฉืืช ืื ืื) ืืฆืืง ืื, ืืฉืคืืืืช ืืืื, ืืื ืฉื ืืืจ (ืฉืืืื ืืณ ื ืื) ืืงืืื ื ื ืื ืขืจืื ืืืฉืืงื ืืคื ืื ื, ืืฃ ืืื ื ืืจื ืืืจ.
So David did not approach the ืืฆืื of building the ืืืช ืืืงืืฉ with the right attitude. He took it too lightly (though with good intentions). I think the ืฉืืืง here wasnโt evil per se, but the party atmosphere that led Uzzah to not take the ืืจืื seriously.
ืขืืื ืืช ืืณ ืืืจืื; ืืืืื ืืจืขืืื
The Arc of the Covenant
Thereโs no way I can avoid this:
The Bible describes precisely, and minutely, arrangements constituting a machine in which electricity was generated by friction of air against silk curtains, and stored in a box constructed like a condenser. It is very plausible to assume that the sons of Aaron were killed by a high-tension dischargeโฆ
Is that reasonable? was Uzzah killed by an electric discharge?
Capacitance is ฮต0ฮตrAd, where ฮต0<sub> is the permittivity of vacuum, 8.84eโ12 Fm; ฮตr<sub> is the relative permittivity of wood, 2; A is the area of the plates, (using an amah of 18 inches) 3.3 square meters; d is the separation between the plates (according to ืืืื ืขื,ื this is 1 tephach) 0.0762 meters. The estimated capacitance of the ืืจืื is 0.77 nF.
The breakdown voltage for 6mm teak is 28 kV. Assuming that it is linear (actually it would be less than this), one tephach wood would have a maximum voltage of 350 kV. For comparison, a static shock from a carpet is about 15 kV, and lightning is about 100,000 kV.
But itโs not the voltage, itโs the current that kills. 350 kV across 0.77 nF is 2.7eโ7 coulombs. According to Wikipedia, heart muscle has an electrical reaction time of 3 ms. So you get a current of 0.09 mA, which you would barely feel. It might light your gas tank on fire, though.
But while all this appeals to my geek side, itโs moot. According to ืืืื ืขื,ื, the inner and outer plating was continuous, extending over the edge of the wood. So the ืืจืื wasnโt a capacitor at all.
Phyllis Shapiro noted in the last perek an unusual word: ืคืจืฅ. The root occurs seven times in ืคืจืงืื ื-ื:
ืืืืืจ ืืืื ืืื ืงืื ืืฉืจืื ืื ืขืืืื ืืื ืืื ืืณ ืืืงืื ื ื ืคืจืฆื ื ืฉืืื ืขื ืืืื ื ืื ืฉืืจืื ืืื ืืจืฆืืช ืืฉืจืื ืืขืืื ืืืื ืื ืืืืืื ืืขืจื ืืืจืฉืืื; ืืืงืืฆื ืืืื ืื
ืืืืจ ืืืื ืขื ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฅ ืืณ ืคืจืฅ ืืขืื; ืืืงืจื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืคืจืฅ ืขืื ืขื ืืืื ืืืื
ืืืื ืืื ืืืขื ืคืจืฆืื ืืืื ืฉื ืืื ืืืืืจ ืคืจืฅ ืืณ ืืช ืืืื ืืคื ื ืืคืจืฅ ืืื; ืขื ืื ืงืจื ืฉื ืืืงืื ืืืื ืืขื ืคืจืฆืืื
This marks it as a leitwort , a ืืืื ืื ืื. It represents where David comes from:
ืืืื ืืืฉืื ืืื ืืื ื ืืฆื ืืืื ืืชืืืจ ืื ืคืจืฆืช ืขืืื ืคืจืฅ; ืืืงืจื ืฉืื ืคืจืฅื
And where he is going:
ืขึธืึธื ืึทืคึผึนืจึตืฅ ืึดืคึฐื ึตืืึถื ืคึผึธืจึฐืฆืึผ ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืึนืจืึผ ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ืึทืึผึตืฆึฐืืึผ ืืึน; ืึทืึผึทืขึฒืึนืจ ืึทืึฐืึผึธื ืึดืคึฐื ึตืืึถื ืึทืืณ ืึผึฐืจึนืืฉืึธืื
ืจืื ืืฉื ืจืื ื ืืืจื ืื ืืคืืจืฆืื ืืื ืขืืืืื ืฉื ืืืจ ืขืื ืืคืืจืฅ ืืคื ืืื.
ืคืจืืฆืืช, as it were, defines the nature of kingship:
ืืดืง ืฉืืื ืื ืืคืจืฅ ืืชื ืื ืืืจื ืืชื ืื ืืคืจืฅ ืืชื ืืืื ืืื ืฉืืืื ืคืืจืฅ ืืขืฉืืช ืืจื ืืืื ืืืืื ืืืืโฆ
But with great power comes great responsibility. ืคืจืฅ ืขืื teaches David that his ability to breach all the rules doesnโt make it right; it puts the consequences of his actions onto his own shoulders.