ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: A Shocking Development

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

Before we move on in the story of David and Jerusalem, I want to note a difference between the presentations in ืฉืžื•ืืœ and ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื.

In ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ the order is:

  1. David is crowned king
  2. David takes Jerusalem
  3. Davidโ€™s foreign policy (Tyre, wives and Philistine wars)
  4. David attempts to move the ark to Jerusalem

(the list of Davidโ€™s warriors does not appear until ืคืจืง ื›ื’)

In ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื:

  1. David is crowned king
  2. David takes Jerusalem
  3. Davidโ€™s warriors
  4. Davidโ€™s army (does not appear in ืฉืžื•ืืœ at all)
  5. David attempts to move the ark to Jerusalem
  6. Davidโ€™s foreign policy (Tyre, wives and Philistine wars)

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื gives us more details on the people in Davidโ€™s service, and tells the story of moving the ark earlier. Now the two narratives (moving the ark and the foreign policy) actually took place over the same period of time, so the order is a matter of which one has priority. ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื also gives us details that are not present in ืฉืžื•ืืœ:

ื ื•ื™ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืœืฃืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื• ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื•

ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืขื ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ื“ืƒ ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ืคืจืฆื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ืงื‘ืฆื• ืืœื™ื ื•ืƒ ื’ ื•ื ืกื‘ื” ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืืœื™ื ื•; ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ืจืฉื ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ; ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืืƒ ื” ื•ื™ืงื”ืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืžืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ืืƒ ื• ื•ื™ืขืœ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืขืœืชื” ืืœ ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื•ื“ื”; ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืณ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉืืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™ื’

[W]here Samuel and Kings can be described as histories of the monarchy, it is Chronicles which views the events more from the perspective of the people. A detail which was irrelevant from the perspective of the impactโ€ฆon David becomes highly significant in a contxt in which the people of Israel are the focus.

Rabbi Moshe Eisemann, Divrei Hayamim I, p. 202

And this side of David, the representative of the people, is noted by the midrash:

ืืชื” ืžื•ืฆื ื‘ื“ื•ื“ ืžืœืš ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœื ื ื”ื’ ืขืฆืžื• ื‘ื’ืื•ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืžืงื•ื, ืืœื ื‘ื•ื–ื” ืขืฆืžื• ืœืคื ื™ื• ื›ื”ื“ื™ื•ื˜ ืœื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ื. ืื™ืžืชื™? ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื”ืขืœื” ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ื”ื”ืดื“ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•) โ€ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื•ื“ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืœืฃโ€œ. ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“: ืื™ื ื™ ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื—ืฉืื™. ืžื™ื“ ื ืชื™ื™ืขืฅ ืขื ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืืดื™ ืฉื™ืชืงื‘ืฆื• ืืœื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื’) โ€ื•ื™ื•ืขืฅ ื“ื•ื“ ืขื ืฉืจื™ ื”ืืœืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžืื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื ื’ื™ื“โ€œ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื’) โ€ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ โ€ื•ื™ืงื‘ืฆื• ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ื ืกื‘ื” ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืœื™ื ื• ื•ื’ื•ืณโ€œ. ืžื™ื“ ืืžืจื• ืœื• ื›ื•ืœื ืขืฉื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ืคืฅ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื’) โ€ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ื›ืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืŸ ื›ื™ ื™ืฉืจ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืโ€œ. ืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื— ื•ืงื‘ืฅ ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉื‘ื›ืœ ืืดื™ ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื’) ื•โ€ื™ืงื”ืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืŸ ืฉื™ื—ื•ืจ ืžืฆืจื™ื ื•ืขื“ ืœื‘ื•ื ื—ืžืช ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืžืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ืโ€œ.

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉืช ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืฉื” ื“:ื›

David says ื›ื™ ืœื ื“ืจืฉื ื”ื• ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืฉืื•ืœ and includes himself in the transgression. ื“ืจื™ืฉืช ื”ืณ is incumbent on all of us:

ื›ื™ ืื ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื›ื ืœืฉื•ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืฉื ืœืฉื›ื ื• ืชื“ืจืฉื• ื•ื‘ืืช ืฉืžื”ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ื‘:ื”

โ€ื›ื™ ืื ืืœ ื”ืžืงื•ื ืืฉืจ ื™ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื›ืโ€œ, ื“ืจื•ืฉ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื ื‘ื™ื. ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืชืžืชื™ืŸ ืขื“ ืฉื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ื ื‘ื™ื ืชืœืžื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืฉื›ื ื• ืชื“ืจืฉื• ื•ื‘ืืช ืฉืžื” ื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืžืฆื•ื ื•ืื—ืจ ื›ืš ื™ืืžืจ ืœืš ื ื‘ื™ื.

ืกืคืจื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืคืจืฉืช ืจืื” ืคื™ืกืงื ืกื‘

As Isaiah says,

ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืณ ื‘ื”ืžืฆืื•; ืงืจืื”ื• ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ืงืจื•ื‘ืƒ

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื ื”:ื•

David will now correct this omission.


ื‘ ื•ื™ืงื ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืืฉืจ ืืชื• ืžื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืžืฉื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ึพืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•ืƒ ื’ ื•ื™ืจื›ื‘ื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืœ ืขื’ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉืื”ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื”; ื•ืขื–ื ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื ื”ื’ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื”ืƒ ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืื”ื• ืžื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื” ืขื ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื; ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ืœืš ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืŸืƒ ื” ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื; ื•ื‘ื›ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืœืฆืœื™ืืƒ ื• ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืขื“ ื’ืจืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ; ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืขื–ื” ืืœ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื•ื™ืื—ื– ื‘ื• ื›ื™ ืฉืžื˜ื• ื”ื‘ืงืจืƒ ื– ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืืฃ ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื–ื ื•ื™ื›ื”ื• ืฉื ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉืœ; ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉื ืขื ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ืืƒ ื— ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฅ ื”ืณ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืขื–ื”; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฅ ืขื–ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ ื˜ ื•ื™ืจื ื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืื™ืš ื™ื‘ื•ื ืืœื™ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณืƒ ื™ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื” ื“ื•ื“ ืœื”ืกื™ืจ ืืœื™ื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“; ื•ื™ื˜ื”ื• ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื”ื’ืชื™ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ืคืจืง ื•

ื‘ืขืœื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” is another name for ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ื:

ื•ืชืืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ืžืจืืฉ ื”ื”ืจ ืืœ ืžืขื™ืŸ ืžื™ ื ืคืชื•ื— ื•ื™ืฆื ืืœ ืขืจื™ ื”ืจ ืขืคืจื•ืŸ; ื•ืชืืจ ื”ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ืขืœื” ื”ื™ื ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ืืƒ

ื™ื”ื•ืฉื•ืข ื˜ื•:ื˜

We need to review how the ืืจื•ืŸ got to ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ื:

ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื”ืขื ืฉืœื” ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืžืฉื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืึพื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืจื‘ื™ื; ื•ืฉื ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ ืขื ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื—ืคื ื™ ื•ืคื™ื ื—ืกืƒ โ€ฆื™ ื•ื™ืœื—ืžื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ื ื’ืฃ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื ืกื• ืื™ืฉ ืœืื”ืœื™ื• ื•ืชื”ื™ ื”ืžื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืื“; ื•ื™ืคืœ ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืฉืœืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืจื’ืœื™ืƒ ื™ื ื•ืืจื•ืŸ ืืœืงื™ื ื ืœืงื—; ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืขืœื™ ืžืชื• ื—ืคื ื™ ื•ืคื™ื ื—ืกืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื“

ื‘ ื•ื™ืงืจืื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ืœืงืกืžื™ื ืœืืžืจ ืžื” ื ืขืฉื” ืœืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ; ื”ื•ื“ืขื ื• ื‘ืžื” ื ืฉืœื—ื ื• ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืƒ

โ€ฆื– ื•ืขืชื” ืงื—ื• ื•ืขืฉื• ืขื’ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืื—ืช ื•ืฉืชื™ ืคืจื•ืช ืขืœื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืœื ืขืœื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืขืœ; ื•ืืกืจืชื ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื‘ืชื ื‘ื ื™ื”ื ืžืื—ืจื™ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”ืƒ ื— ื•ืœืงื—ืชื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ื ืชืชื ืืชื• ืืœ ื”ืขื’ืœื” ื•ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืืฉืจ ื”ืฉื‘ืชื ืœื• ืืฉื ืชืฉื™ืžื• ื‘ืืจื’ื– ืžืฆื“ื•; ื•ืฉืœื—ืชื ืืชื• ื•ื”ืœืšืƒ ื˜ ื•ืจืื™ืชื ืื ื“ืจืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื• ื™ืขืœื” ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื”ื•ื ืขืฉื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืจืขื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ืืช; ื•ืื ืœื ื•ื™ื“ืขื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื“ื• ื ื’ืขื” ื‘ื ื• ืžืงืจื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื•ืƒ โ€ฆ ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืจื ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ืขื• ื•ืœื ืกืจื• ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืื•ืœ; ื•ืกืจื ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืƒ ื™ื’ ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืงืฆืจื™ื ืงืฆื™ืจ ื—ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืขืžืง; ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืจืื• ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืžื—ื• ืœืจืื•ืชืƒ โ€ฆ

ื˜ื• ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื”ื•ืจื™ื“ื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื– ืืฉืจ ืืชื• ืืฉืจ ื‘ื• ื›ืœื™ ื–ื”ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืžื• ืืœ ื”ืื‘ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”; ื•ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื”ืขืœื• ืขืœื•ืช ื•ื™ื–ื‘ื—ื• ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืณืƒ โ€ฆื™ื˜ ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื›ื™ ืจืื• ื‘ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืš ื‘ืขื ืฉื‘ืขื™ื ืื™ืฉ ื—ืžืฉื™ื ืืœืฃ ืื™ืฉ; ื•ื™ืชืื‘ืœื• ื”ืขื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ื” ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื ืžื›ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”ืƒ ื› ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ืžื™ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืžื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื”; ื•ืืœ ืžื™ ื™ืขืœื” ืžืขืœื™ื ื•ืƒ ื›ื ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ืžืœืื›ื™ื ืืœ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ื ืœืืžืจ; ื”ืฉื‘ื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืจื“ื• ื”ืขืœื• ืืชื• ืืœื™ื›ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื•

ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืื ืฉื™ ืงืจื™ืช ื™ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ืขืœื• ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืืชื• ืืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ืขื”; ื•ืืช ืืœืขื–ืจ ื‘ื ื• ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืฉืžืจ ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื–:ื

David moves the ืืจื•ืŸ on a wagon. This is clearly an error, as we know from the Torah:

ืœ ื•ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ ืœืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืงื”ืชื™ ืืœื™ืฆืคืŸ ื‘ืŸ ืขื–ื™ืืœืƒ ืœื ื•ืžืฉืžืจืชื ื”ืืจืŸ ื•ื”ืฉืœื—ืŸ ื•ื”ืžื ืจื” ื•ื”ืžื–ื‘ื—ืช ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉืจืชื• ื‘ื”ื; ื•ื”ืžืกืš ื•ื›ืœ ืขื‘ื“ืชื•ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื’

ื™ื– ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืžืฉื” ื•ืืœ ืื”ืจืŸ ืœืืžืจืƒ ื™ื— ืืœ ืชื›ืจื™ืชื• ืืช ืฉื‘ื˜ ืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืงื”ืชื™ ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืœื•ื™ืืƒ ื™ื˜ ื•ื–ืืช ืขืฉื• ืœื”ื ื•ื—ื™ื• ื•ืœื ื™ืžืชื• ื‘ื’ืฉืชื ืืช ืงื“ืฉ ื”ืงื“ืฉื™ื; ืื”ืจืŸ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื‘ืื• ื•ืฉืžื• ืื•ืชื ืื™ืฉ ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื“ืชื• ื•ืืœ ืžืฉืื•ืƒ ื› ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื‘ืœืข ืืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ื•ืžืชื•ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื“

ื• ื•ื™ืงื— ืžืฉื” ืืช ื”ืขื’ืœืช ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ; ื•ื™ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื ืืœ ื”ืœื•ื™ืืƒ ื– ืืช ืฉืชื™ ื”ืขื’ืœื•ืช ื•ืืช ืืจื‘ืขืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ื’ืจืฉื•ืŸ; ื›ืคื™ ืขื‘ื“ืชืืƒ ื— ื•ืืช ืืจื‘ืข ื”ืขื’ืœืช ื•ืืช ืฉืžื ืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื ื™ ืžืจืจื™; ื›ืคื™ ืขื‘ื“ืชื ื‘ื™ื“ ืื™ืชืžืจ ื‘ืŸ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื›ื”ืŸืƒ ื˜ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืœื ื ืชืŸ; ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื“ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื”ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื™ืฉืื•ืƒ

ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืคืจืง ื–

Iโ€™m going to focus on Davidโ€™s error, not Uzzahโ€™s, but I will say that this story is the haftorah for Parashat Shmini, and it is usually assumed that Uzzah had the same motivation as Nadav and Avihu, to be as close as possible to ื”ืณ.

At the end of our Parsha ([Bamidbar] 4:18), HaShem commands Moshe and Aharon not to bring about the โ€œcutting offโ€ of the tribe of Kehas, one of Leviโ€™s sons (see Rashi ad loc). Why was G-d so worried about the premature death of the members of Mosheโ€™s own tribal family? Moreover, Ramban (3:14) calculates that the tribe of Levi was markedly smaller than any of the other tribes. Why was this so? A number of answers have been proposed, but the Midrash (Bamidbar Rabah 5:1) proposes an explanation which is both strange and disturbing.

Our Sages tell us that the reward for carrying the Holy Ark was exceedingly great. The Kehas family was charged with carrying the Ark among the other sacred vessels of the Mishkan. As such, these Levites would each vie for the honor of bearing the Ark on their shoulders and in their rush forward would behave in an unseemly manner resulting in their untimely death. G-d, therefore, instructed Moshe and Aharon to properly manage the transportation of the Ark to prevent this tragedy from occurring.

Was it simply the promise of reward that precipitated this frenzy? HaRav Avigdor Nebenzahl, shlita, suggests that what drove them towards the Ark was their intense fascination with kedusha. The holy and sacred had an almost hypnotic mesmerizing effect upon them. They were drawn to kedusha like metal shearings in the proximity of a powerful magnet. Regrettably, this spiritual intoxication led them to take unacceptable liberties in the presence of Gd with fatal results. Shades of Nadav and Avihu who, in their religious passion to approach G-d, violate a prohibited boundary and die.

Prior to the giving of the Torah, the Jewish People are warned more than once not to encroach too close to the mountain (Shemos 19:12, 23, 24) lest they be destroyed. Here too, there was a real fear that in their innocent desire to come close to Gd, they simply wouldnโ€™t be able to control themselves.

โ€ฆ

Yearning for spiritual intimacy, longing to act upon an overwhelming love for HaShem is a wonderful aspiration. However, sometimes this headlong dive into the holy and divine comes at the expense of other values no less important. The Talmud in Yuma (23a) tells of the tragic incident when two priests running up the ramp of the Altar, both contending for the honor to perform a sacrificial rite, results in one murdering the other.

Rabbi Jeff Bienefeld, Chizuk, Bamidbar, personal communication

[I]n chapter 20 of [Mesillas Yesharim], the Ramchal writes a very important caveat defining when it is appropriate to act in accordance with midas haChassidus. The Ramchal calls the chapter the mishkal haChassidus (from the word mishkalโ€”scale), meaning that one has to weigh whether now is an appropriate time and place to employ the attribute of piety beyond the letter of the law (Chassidus). The Ramchal emphasizes that a person must be very careful and deliberate in weighing the appropriateness in any given circumstance of taking upon oneself requirements that are strictly speaking โ€œover and above the call of duty.โ€

The Ramchal cites an incident from our parsha as an example. At the end of Parshas Bamidbar, the Torah says that Moshe and Aharon instructed the Children of Kehas [as in Rabbi Bienenfeldโ€™s note]โ€ฆ

The Mesillas Yesharim asks, โ€œWhat is really happening here?โ€ The entire family of Kehas was โ€œacting for the sake of Heaven.โ€ They wanted to carry the Aron! They sought to invoke the midas Chassidus (striving for the most pious behavior possible) for which people are supposed to receive great reward. However, someone must ask himselfโ€”is this worth it? In order to achieve the reward of carrying the Aron, should major fights break out between brothers and cousins? Is that what Divine Service is all about? This is what the Mesillas Yesharim means by mishkal haChassidusโ€”the weighing of factors and considerations to determine whether this is the time and place and way to act with extreme piety. The Ramchal says that if someone really wants to be a truly pious individual, he must weigh all the results and ramifications that will come about from his โ€œpious actsโ€ to evaluate carefully whether or not they are as righteous and praiseworthy as he thinks they are. Sometimes abstaining from initiating โ€œacts of pietyโ€ may bring about greater sanctification of Hashemโ€™s Name and find greater Divine Favor than implementing those actions. If so, forgo the piety. Under those circumstances, it is better to abstain than to โ€œact piouslyโ€.

Rabbi Yissocher Frand, Mishkal HaChassidusโ€”Is This The Time And The Place To Be Pious?

So why didnโ€™t David do it right?

ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืฉืจ ืฉื’ื” ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืงืจื ืžืคื•ืจืฉ ื—ืฉื‘ ื›ื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื—ื˜ื ื‘ื–ื” ืื ื™ืฉืื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื” ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื™ืฉืื• ื›ื™ ืืžืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื” ื”ืึพืœ ื›ื™ ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื ืฉื ื‘ืขื’ืœื•ืช ืฆื•ื” ืœืฉืืช ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ื˜ื ืื ื™ืฉืื•ื”ื• ื‘ืขื’ืœื”.

ืจื“ืดืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื•

And itโ€™s a reasonable opinion. The Rambam agrees that once the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ is built, the law does not apply.

ื•ื”ืžืฆื•ื” ื”ืœืดื“ ื”ื™ื ืฉืฆื•ื ื• ืฉื™ืฉืื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ืชืคื™ื”ื ื›ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืืช ืื•ืชื• ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื. ื•ื”ื•ื ืืžืจื• ื™ืชืขืœื” (ื ืฉื ื–) ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื™ืฉืื•. ื•ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื–ื” ื”ืฆื•ื•ื™ ื‘ื ืœืœื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืช ื”ื”ื™ื ืืžื ื ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืœืžื™ืขื•ื˜ ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื•ื ื›ื™ ืื”ืจืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืืฉ, ืืžื ื ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ื ื™ืฉืื•ื”ื•.

ืกืคืจ ื”ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืจืžื‘ืดื ืžืฆื•ืช ืขืฉื” ืœื“

ื•ื›ื‘ืจ ื ืชื‘ืืจื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ ืžืจืŸ ืจื™ืดื– ื”ืœื•ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื, ื“ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื“ืฉืชื™ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ื ื‘ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸโ€ฆื•ื’ื ืžื“ื™ืŸ ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ื‘ืฉืขืช ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืœืžืœื—ืžื”โ€ฆื•ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื ืืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“โ€ฆื•ืžืฆื•ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœื“ืขืช ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื, ืžืฉืืดื› ืžืฆื•ืช ื ืฉื™ืืช ื”ืžืฉื›ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื˜ืœื” ื‘ืขืช ืฉื‘ืื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ืœืžื™ื, ื•ืื•ืชื” ืœื ืžื•ื ื” ื”ืจืžื‘ืดื ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืชืจื™ืดื’ ืžืฆื•ื•ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืฆื•ืช ืฉืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.

ืžืฉื‘ืฆื•ืช ื–ื”ื‘ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืณ, ืขืžืณ ืงืœื‘

And David presumably had a specific reason for putting the ืืจื•ืŸ on a wagon. Note that it is called ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืืฉืจ ื ืงืจื ืฉื ืฉื ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืจื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื•, the name used to describe it when it was captured: ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืึพื•ืช ื™ืฉื‘ ื”ื›ืจื‘ื™ื. Note also that David goes with 30,000 men, exactly the number that fell when the ืืจื•ืŸ was taken. And when it was returned, it was sent on an ืขื’ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” by the Philistines.

David intends to undo the horrific event that led to the loss of the ืืจื•ืŸ. The return had started 20 years ago, with a sign from G-d when the cows pulling went straight back to Judah. They just stopped a little too early. David wants to allow the miracle to come to its logical conclusion: the wagon will be brought to ื”ืจ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.

ืžื” ืจืื” ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ื• ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื•ืœื ื‘ืžืฉื ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืฉื ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื›ืœ ืขื•ืžืช ืฉื‘ื ืืœื™ ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ื‘ื•ื”ื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ืขืœ ืขื’ืœื” ื•ื’ื•ืณ.

ืจืฉืดื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื’:ื–

But ื”ืณ lets them know that this was wrong:

ื•ื™ืฉืจื ื” ื”ืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉ ื‘ืžืกืœื” ืื—ืช ื”ืœื›ื• ื”ืœืš ื•ื’ืขื• ื•ืœื ืกืจื• ื™ืžื™ืŸ ื•ืฉืžืื•ืœ; ื•ืกืจื ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื”ืœื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื”ื ืขื“ ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืžืฉืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื•:ื™ื‘

ื”ืจืื” ืœื”ื ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื•ืฉืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื˜ืช ื”ื‘ืงืจ ื•ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื•ื–ื.

ืจื“ืดืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื•

And Uzzah, seeing the cows stumble, instead of seeing it as a message, tries to โ€œcorrectโ€ it:

ื ืžืฆื ืืจื•ืŸ ื•ื ื•ืฉืื™ื• ื•ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื•ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“, ื ืฉื ืืจื•ืŸ ืืช ื ื•ืฉืื™ื• ื•ืขื‘ืจ, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืืฉืจ ืชื ื›ืœ ื”ืขื ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ื•ื™ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืณ ื•ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื. ื•ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ื ืขื ืฉ ืขื•ื–ื, ืฉื ืืžืจ: ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืขื“ ื’ื•ืจืŸ ื›ื™ื“ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ืขื•ื–ื ืืช ื™ื“ื• ืœืื—ื•ื– ืืช ื”ืืจื•ืŸ, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื: ืขื•ื–ื, ื ื•ืฉืื™ื• ื ืฉื, ืขืฆืžื• ืœื ื›ืœ ืฉื›ืŸ!

ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื”,ื

ื—ื–ืดืœ see in Davidโ€™s error a fundamental problem in his attitude toward the service of G-d:

ื“ืจืฉ ืจื‘ื ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ื ืขื ืฉ ื“ื•ื“ ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืงืจื ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ โ€ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ืงื™ืšโ€œ, ืืžืจ ืœื• ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื”ืŸ (ืžืฉืœื™ ื›ื’:ื”) โ€ื”ืชืขื™ืฃ ืขื™ื ื™ืš ื‘ื• ื•ืื™ื ื ื•โ€œ ืืชื” ืงื•ืจื ืื•ืชื ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ื ื™ ืžื›ืฉื™ืœืš ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืจื‘ืŸ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื•ืœื‘ื ื™ ืงื”ืช ืœื ื ืชืŸ ื›ื™ ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืงื“ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ื‘ื›ืชืฃ ื™ืฉืื• ื•ืื™ื”ื• ืืชื™ื” ื‘ืขื’ืœื”.

ืกื•ื˜ื” ืœื”,ื

ื–ืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ืงื™ืš ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืžื’ื•ืจื™ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜:ื ื“

ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื•ืฆืขื• ืœื”ืชืจืช ื”ืงื•ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ ืจื‘ื™ื ืขื•ืœื”, ืฉื“ื•ื“ ื—ื˜ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉืชื™ื™ื: (ื) ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื”โ€”ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืข ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื›ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช, ื•ื’ื ืื™ื ื• ื ื“ืจืฉ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ื; (ื‘) ื‘ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืชื•ืจื”โ€”ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืžืฉืชืžืข ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืงืœื™ื ื›ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืื™ืŸ ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื’ืข ื‘ื”ื. ืœืฉืชื™ ื”ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืกืžืš ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืชื ื—ื•ืžื (ืคื ื—ืก, ื—): ืฉื™ืฉ ืฆื“ื™ืงื™ื ืฉื ืชื’ืื• ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื”, ื•ื”ืชื™ืฉ ื”ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”ื•ื ื›ื—ืŸ, ืืช ืžื•ืฆื ืฉืืžืจ ื“ื•ื“ โ€ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ื—ืงื™ืšโ€œ (ืชื”ืœื™ื ืงื™ื˜), ืฉืงืœื•ืช ื•ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœื™ ื›ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช.

ืื›ืŸ, ืœื›ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ืขืžื™ืง ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื›ื•ื•ื ืช ื“ื•ื“ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ื•ื—ืก ื•ื—ืœื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ ื‘ืื“ื•ื ื ื• ื“ื•ื“ ืฉื—ื˜ื, ืืœื ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื ืืžืจื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืคืจืฉ ื›ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืื• ื›ื™ื—ืก ื”ืžืžืขื™ื˜ ืžืขืจืš ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืžืœื”. ืœื’ื•ื“ืœ ืžืขืœืชื• ื ืชื‘ืข ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ืขืœ ืืžื™ืจืชื• ื–ืืช, ืื‘ืœ ืœืืžืชื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ื“ื•ื“ ืœื•ืžืจ ื›ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืชื•ืจื” ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™ื• ื›ื–ืžื™ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืชืขื ื’ ื‘ื”ืโ€”ื›ืขื™ืงืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ืชื.

ื“ืดืจ ื‘ืขื– ืฉืคื™ื’ืœ, ืขื™ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”โ€”ื”ืœืœื•ื™ึพื” ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื–ืžืจื” ืืœื•ืงื™ื ื•

Thereโ€™s a hint to this in the wording. The initial attempt to move the ืืจื•ืŸ was with ืฉื—ื•ืง:

ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืณ ื‘ื›ืœ ืขืฆื™ ื‘ืจื•ืฉื™ื; ื•ื‘ื›ื ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ื ื‘ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ืชืคื™ื ื•ื‘ืžื ืขื ืขื™ื ื•ื‘ืฆืœืฆืœื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื”

The second, successful attempt was with ืฉืžื—ื”:

ื•ื™ื’ื“ ืœืžืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ืœืืžืจ ื‘ืจืš ื”ืณ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื; ื•ื™ืœืš ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœื”ื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื‘ื“ ืื“ื ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื™ื‘

As Abarbanel notes,

ื•ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ื›ื™ ื‘ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ืืžืจ ื•ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช ื ืืžืจ ื•ื™ืขืœ ืืช ืืจื•ืŸ ื”ืืœืงื™ื ืžื‘ื™ืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืื“ื•ื ืขื™ืจ ื“ื™ื“ ื‘ืฉืžื—ื”, ืฉืขื–ื‘ื• ื”ืฉื—ื•ืง ื•ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ืœืงื—ื™ ื”ืฉืžื—ื”, ื•ืขืœ ื›ื™ื•ืฆื ื‘ื–ื” ืืžืจ ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืืจื™ืกื˜ื• ืฉื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉืžื—ื” ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื‘ืฉื—ื•ืง.

ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืœ, ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื™

What is the difference? Weโ€™ve dealt with this before: ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ื›ื says ื”ืณ ื‘ืขื–ืš ื™ืฉืžื— ืžืœืš. โ€Žืฉื—ื•ืง is the response to things that are incongruous, that donโ€™t fit together. We find humor in puns, pratfalls and the unexpected blessing, and to these we laugh. Sometimes the distance between what we want and what reality presents us with is so great, we say โ€œif I donโ€™t laugh, Iโ€™ll cry.โ€ ืฉืžื—ื”, joy, is different. ืฉืžื—ื” is the feeling that things are as they should be, that everything has worked out, the feeling of ื ื—ืช ืจื•ื—: , โ€allโ€™s right with the worldโ€œ, ืื™ื–ื”ื• ืขืฉื™ืจ ื”ืฉืžื— ื‘ื—ืœืงื•.

In everything that we do perceive as funny there is an element which, if we were serious and sufficiently sensitive, and sufficiently concerned [my emphasisโ€”DHW], would be unpleasant.

Max Eastman, Enjoyment of Laughter, p. 21

When things donโ€™t make sense, we laugh. When they do make sense, we are happy:

ื ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช;
ื‘ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืณ ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ื—ืœืžื™ืืƒ
ื‘ ืื– ื™ืžืœื ืฉื—ื•ืง ืคื™ื ื• ื•ืœืฉื•ื ื ื• ืจื ื”;
ืื– ื™ืืžืจื• ื‘ื’ื•ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ืืœื”ืƒ
ื’ ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ื”ืณ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขืžื ื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืžื—ื™ืืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืคืจืง ืงื›ื•

ืฉื—ื•ืง isnโ€™t the way we should do ืžืฆื•ื•ืช:

ืชืดืจ ืื™ืŸ ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆื‘ื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืขืฆืœื•ืช ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื—ื•ืง ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื—ื” ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืงืœื•ืช ืจืืฉ ื•ืœื ืžืชื•ืš ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœื™ื ืืœื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฆื•ื”.

ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื,ื

ืฉื—ื•ืง in the service of ื”ืณ implies boundaries are being violated, as Rabbi Bienfeld mentioned. The modern Hebrew word is ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช, which we will deal with later.

ืœืฆื—ืง; ื™ืฉ ื‘ืžืฉืžืข ื”ื–ื” ื’ืœื•ื™ ืขืจื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื˜ ื™ื–) ืœืฆื—ืง ื‘ื™, ื•ืฉืคื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื ืืžืจ (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ืณ ื‘ ื™ื“) ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื ื ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื—ืงื• ืœืคื ื™ื ื•, ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื ื”ืจื’ ื—ื•ืจ.

ืจืฉืดื™, ืฉืžื•ืช ืœื‘:ื•

So David did not approach the ืžืฆื•ื” of building the ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ with the right attitude. He took it too lightly (though with good intentions). I think the ืฉื—ื•ืง here wasnโ€™t evil per se, but the party atmosphere that led Uzzah to not take the ืืจื•ืŸ seriously.

ืขื‘ื“ื• ืืช ื”ืณ ื‘ื™ืจืื”; ื•ื’ื™ืœื• ื‘ืจืขื“ื”ืƒ

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื‘:ื™ื

The Arc of the Covenant

Thereโ€™s no way I can avoid this:

Scriptural Ark Electric Death Trap

The Bible describes precisely, and minutely, arrangements constituting a machine in which electricity was generated by friction of air against silk curtains, and stored in a box constructed like a condenser. It is very plausible to assume that the sons of Aaron were killed by a high-tension dischargeโ€ฆ

Nikola Tesla, cited in Wikibooks Electronics/History/Chapter 1

Is that reasonable? was Uzzah killed by an electric discharge?

Capacitance is ฮต0ฮตrAd, where ฮต0<sub> is the permittivity of vacuum, 8.84eโˆ’12 Fm; ฮตr<sub> is the relative permittivity of wood, 2; A is the area of the plates, (using an amah of 18 inches) 3.3 square meters; d is the separation between the plates (according to ื™ื•ืžื ืขื‘,ื‘ this is 1 tephach) 0.0762 meters. The estimated capacitance of the ืืจื•ืŸ is 0.77 nF.

The breakdown voltage for 6mm teak is 28 kV. Assuming that it is linear (actually it would be less than this), one tephach wood would have a maximum voltage of 350 kV. For comparison, a static shock from a carpet is about 15 kV, and lightning is about 100,000 kV.

But itโ€™s not the voltage, itโ€™s the current that kills. 350 kV across 0.77 nF is 2.7eโˆ’7 coulombs. According to Wikipedia, heart muscle has an electrical reaction time of 3 ms. So you get a current of 0.09 mA, which you would barely feel. It might light your gas tank on fire, though.

But while all this appeals to my geek side, itโ€™s moot. According to ื™ื•ืžื ืขื‘,ื‘, the inner and outer plating was continuous, extending over the edge of the wood. So the ืืจื•ืŸ wasnโ€™t a capacitor at all.


Phyllis Shapiro noted in the last perek an unusual word: ืคืจืฅ. The root occurs seven times in ืคืจืงื™ื ื”-ื•:

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ืœื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืื ืขืœื™ื›ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื•ืžืŸ ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื ืคืจืฆื” ื ืฉืœื—ื” ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื ื• ื”ื ืฉืืจื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืืจืฆื•ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ืขืžื”ื ื”ื›ื”ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืœื•ื™ื ื‘ืขืจื™ ืžื’ืจืฉื™ื”ื; ื•ื™ืงื‘ืฆื• ืืœื™ื ื•ืƒ

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื™ื’:ื‘

ื•ื™ื—ืจ ืœื“ื•ื“ ืขืœ ืืฉืจ ืคืจืฅ ื”ืณ ืคืจืฅ ื‘ืขื–ื”; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ืคืจืฅ ืขื–ื” ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื”ืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื•:ื—

ื•ื™ื‘ื ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ื‘ืขืœ ืคืจืฆื™ื ื•ื™ื›ื ืฉื ื“ื•ื“ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืคืจืฅ ื”ืณ ืืช ืื™ื‘ื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืคืจืฅ ืžื™ื; ืขืœ ื›ืŸ ืงืจื ืฉื ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืœ ืคืจืฆื™ืืƒ

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื”:ื›

This marks it as a leitwort , a ืžื™ืœื” ืžื ื—ื”. It represents where David comes from:

ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื›ืžืฉื™ื‘ ื™ื“ื• ื•ื”ื ื” ื™ืฆื ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืชืืžืจ ืžื” ืคืจืฆืช ืขืœื™ืš ืคืจืฅ; ื•ื™ืงืจื ืฉืžื• ืคืจืฅืƒ

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืœื—:ื›ื˜

And where he is going:

ืขึธืœึธื” ื”ึทืคึผึนืจึตืฅ ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ืคึผึธืจึฐืฆื•ึผ ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจื•ึผ ืฉืึทืขึทืจ ื•ึทื™ึผึตืฆึฐืื•ึผ ื‘ื•ึน; ื•ึทื™ึผึทืขึฒื‘ึนืจ ืžึทืœึฐื›ึผึธื ืœึดืคึฐื ึตื™ื”ึถื ื•ึทื”ืณ ื‘ึผึฐืจึนืืฉืึธืืƒ

ืžื™ื›ื” ื‘:ื™ื’

ืจื‘ื™ ื‘ืฉื ืจื‘ื ืŸ ืืžืจื™ ื›ืœ ื”ืคื•ืจืฆื™ื ืžืžืš ืขื•ืžื“ื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืžืจ ืขืœื” ื”ืคื•ืจืฅ ืœืคื ื™ื”ื.

ื‘ืจืืฉื™ืช ืจื‘ื” (ื•ื™ืœื ื) ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ืคืจืฉื” ืคื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ื“

ืคืจื™ืฆื•ืช, as it were, defines the nature of kingship:

ื”ืดืง ืฉืื•ืœ ืื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืืชื™ ืื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืืชื™ ืื™ ืžืคืจืฅ ืืชื™ ืžืœื›ื ื”ื•ื™ ืฉื”ืžืœืš ืคื•ืจืฅ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ืจืš ื•ืื™ืŸ ืžืžื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ื•โ€ฆ

ื™ื‘ืžื•ืช ืขื•,ื‘

But with great power comes great responsibility. ืคืจืฅ ืขื–ื” teaches David that his ability to breach all the rules doesnโ€™t make it right; it puts the consequences of his actions onto his own shoulders.