סוכות starts this week. We know why we move into tabernacles (I love the word tabernacles).
The Tur goes into great detail discussing the reason for the mitzvah:
This is very unusual. The Tur is “paskening” an aggadah, which we generally never find it necessary to do. And he’s bringing the reason for the mitzvah, rather than just stating the conclusion. The Bach explains:
Just like on פסח, part of the mitzvah is experiential: we have to feel surrounded by the ענני הכבוד, to feel the presence of ה׳ directly protecting us. The Gra explains that this is why סוכות is is תשרי:
So to correctly celebrate the Feast of Tabernacles, we have to understand those ענני הכבוד. Why have a holiday in their honor? The first time we see the cloud was before קריעת ים סוף.
לא ימיש עמוד הענן יומם sounds pretty straightforward—the cloud never left, but the Vilna Gaon looks at a later incident and understands it differently.
After the sin of the Golden Calf, Moshe prays for forgiveness and ה׳ tells him:
The Vilna Gaon (based on a number of other sources) explains what the נפלאת are:
So the ענני הכבוד left after קריעת ים סוף, and the ענני הכבוד left after חטא העגל הזהב. And worse, there is a statement in Nechemiah:
So did they lose the clouds at ים סוף or did they lose them at the Golden Calf, or did they not lose them at all?
Rav Yerucham Olshin, Rosh Yeshiva at Beth Medrash Govoha, in his ירח למואדים on סוכות, volume ב, סימנים סא and סג, answers: yes.
There were a number of ענני הכבוד:
Rabbi Olshin cites הכתב והקבלה on a seemingly unrelated side point. Why don’t we require a floor in the סוכה?
It’s because we are misinterpreting אחד מלמטה:
But Rabbi Olshin picks up on the idea that the ענני הכבוד represent multiple things, that there are levels of our experience of the manifestation of the divine (that’s my words, not his, and much of the following is my extrapolation from his words). Note that the ענני הכבוד are not physical things; as the Gra said, לא היה לעיני כל ישראל רק לפני הנביאים שבהם.
There’s the ענן of the שכינה, the intense awareness of G-d’s presence, what Rudolph Otto called the numinous. At יציאת מצרים, the Jews felt that, and they kept that through קריעת ים סוף:
But that ענן of the שכינה dissipated, not because they did anything wrong, but because it is impossible for a human being to remain at that level all the time. That sense of the שכינה would return, but it would be localized to the משכן. That is the ענן that was מלמטה.
There’s another level of feeling ה׳'s presence, an awareness of His protection and involvement in our lives. Call that the עננים of השגחה פרטית, the ones that surrounded בני ישראל on all sides and above. That they kept until the sin of the Golden Calf. In the aftermath of that, Moshe prayed that the people not be destroyed. ה׳ agreed, but said He would not deal with them again:
They were left with the last ענן, one that guided them from a distance: ושלחתי לפניך מלאך.
This ענן, the sense that ה׳ never abandons us and always provides direction and guidance even when He is far away, is the one that Nechemiah refers to: את עמוד הענן לא סר מעליהם ביומם להנחתם בהדרך.
But סוכות is different. This is a profound reinterpretation of what sitting in a סוכה means. The space inside the סוכה is the ענן that was אחד למטה, the ענן that was ענן שכינה שורה באהל. We’re not just surrounded by ה׳'s presence, we’re supposed to feel that we are actually in it. למען ידעו דרתיכם כי בסכות הושבתי את בני ישראל.