In the Tanach shiur, we are looking at the תהילים attributed to Moshe. The first one says so explicitly:
That isn’t a תפלה, per se; it is a statement of praise. The next psukim tell us that this perek is about תשובה, which makes it relevant to the upcoming ראש השנה:
חז״ל tell us that the תפלה, the prayer, is in the last psukim:
And that gives the perek context in the life of Moshe:
This was the prayer for the inauguration of the משכן, when Moshe prayed יראה אל עבדיך פעלך, that the שכינה would return to בני ישראל after they lost it as a result of חטא עגל הזהב.
But that is only the last two psukim. What about the rest of the perek? And what happened to the תשובה theme?
The following is my hypothesis. If the last psukim are about the end of the ceremony, then the first psukim must be about what came before.
Let’s look at that ceremony in detail:
And then the dramatic conclusion:
It starts with וישא אהרן את ידו אל העם ויברכם. That’s not our ברכה of ויהי נעם; that is what we call נשיאת כפיים, or ברכת כהנים.
Rashi feels it necessary to tell us that when Aharon descended, he descended from the מזבח:
Where else would אהרן be? Rashi is telling us that the text is emphasizing that אהרן's ירידה was from the מזבח. So what?
Now, the fire from the קדש הקדשים doesn’t come until two psukim later, after אהרן has come down.
So we have this picture of אהרן on top of the מזבח; he’s set up the first sacrifices that he will offer (the previous week, it’s been his brother doing everything), he turns to the people and blesses them, and then…nothing. That’s not how it is supposed to work:
That last sounds familiar; in our perek, when the fire finally does come down, וירא כל העם וירנו ויפלו על פניהם. But it doesn’t come down when אהרן blesses the people. וירד מעשת החטאת והעלה והשלמים is אהרן's failure. This was to be the return of the כבוד ה׳ in the fire from heaven that had last been experienced at מעמד הר סיני and lost with מעשה העגל. And nothing happened.
But what does אהרן himself do after he trudges down the ramp, with no divine fire in sight? Rashbam explains why the next pasuk is ויבא משה ואהרן אל אהל מועד:
So that is why Moshe brings Aharon into the משכן—to pray for him.
אהרן knows why he failed; it’s all his fault, from the very beginning.
אהרן didn’t want to do the עבודה at all. He went into this ceremony knowing he would fail:
So I would propose that the bulk of תפלה למשה is the text of Moshe’s prayer on behalf of Aharon. It speaks of how ה׳ knows all our sins:
But, Moshe says, we deserve clemency because You, ה׳, are infinite and our lives are so limited.
Therefore, please teach us to count our days, to make our limited days count.
And so You, ה׳, should turn from your anger even if we have not returned to You:
You say “שובו בני אדם”; we say “שובה ה׳…והנחם על עבדיך”.
That is the תפלה למשה.
It certainly fits the context that we are assuming here, and the perek continues with part two, when Moshe and Aharon come out and bless the people: יראה אל עבדיך and the וירא כבוד ה׳ אל כל העם as we’ve said, and the divine fire comes down and consumes the offerings.
But why was this necessary at all? ה׳ had already forgiven בני ישראל for חטא העגל; that’s why building the משכן was possible in the first place.
I propose that while the תפלה למשה was addressed to ה׳, it was intended for אהרן. Moshe took Aharon with him to go into the משכן to daven, because he wanted Aharon to hear him. ה׳ had forgiven Aharon, but he had not forgiven himself. He expected to fail before he even started: היה אהרן בוש וירא לגשת. He could not let go of his own sin.
And I think that is an under-appreciated part of תשובה. We have to accept forgiveness.