This week’s parsha describes Moshe’s second and third missions to Egypt (the first was last week and ended with the slavery getting even worse). The second ends with
The third starts with
Why tell us that Moshe is 80 years old? Most מפרשים say this tells us something of Moshe’s (and Aharon’s) greatness; they were well past retirement age, but still were willing to do this.
Rav Soloveitchik has a different interpretation:
This needs unpacking. It’s true that there were years of patient waiting, but what does that have to do with Moshe’s age? This is a single paragraph taken from the notes from his Boston shiurim, so I have no way of knowing what the Rav was thinking. But I think he meant something similar to Rav Medan in וארא | קורות משה עד יציאת מצרים , which I looked at in detail in פרשת וארא תשע״ט.
There was a gap between Moshe’s second mission to the people and and his third, from לא שמעו אל משה to אתה תדבר את כל אשר אצוך. How long was that? There is no hint in the text. But the Torah inserts the genealogy of Moshe between the two, as though to put a flashback, a sort of intermission between them. And Moshe had a new-born infant at the time of his first mission; (שמות ד:כה) ותקח צפרה צר ותכרת את ערלת בנה. And now he is eighty. So Rav Medan says it was a long time, an entire generation. He gets this from the מכילתא, which points out that בני ישראל were worshipping עבודה זרה in Egypt:
He says that on the first mission Moshe comes and gives them signs:
And the on the second mission he gives them a mission.
is not just a promise; it is an expression of ברית: איש שקוצי עיניו השליכו ובגלולי מצרים אל תטמאו; אני ה׳ אלקיכם. But they fail, and Moshe goes back to his day job, tending sheep, for another 30 years. That number of 30 years comes from an anomaly in next week’s parsha:
As we know, Rashi says the extra 30 years was from the ברית בין הבתרים until the birth of Yitzchak. Ramban says it was an extra 30 years, because בני ישראל didn’t deserve to be redeemed at the 400 year point:
Rav Medan makes a fascinating point:
Back to Rav Soloveitchik. The “ years of patient waiting, years in which the Jewish people, then as well as today, must display great conviction” were from the time Moshe came initially, with the news that (שמות ג:טז) פקד פקדתי אתכם. And then Moshe disappears. Life returns to servitude.
That tells us something about the nature of גאולה.
But there’s another side. ומשה בן שמנים שנה ואהרן בן שלש ושמנים שנה בדברם אל פרעה. And Moshe is 120 when he dies:
From ספר יהושע, we know that the people mourn Moshe for 30 days, then spend a week getting ready to enter the land on ערב פסח. So Moshe dies on ז׳ אדר. 40 years earlier, the people leave Egypt on ט״ו ניסן. Moshe is 120-40=80 years old. If his birthday is ז׳ אדר, it means that he turned 80 only 5 weeks before. There’s no way to fit the entire plague narrative into 5 weeks!
There’s a math problem here. We could say that we don’t take the midrash literally, and בן מאה ועשרים שנה אנכי היום doesn’t mean it was his birthday, but still need to do something with the היום. The Chasam Sofer says that משה בן שמנים שנה means that he was in his eightieth year when the plagues started, and his eightieth birthday was almost a year later, a month before יציאת מצרים.
That makes sense, but the implication of the text is that Moshe turned 80 when the מכות started, and turned 80 when then מכות ended. The גאולה poetically took no time at all. It’s similar to the way that the ארון is described as taking up no space:
It tells us that miracles are outside of space and time. Aggadically speaking, the מכות were ahistorical. There simply was a point in time when they had happened, and בני ישראל were freed.
This also tells us something about the nature of גאולה. It’s like Hemingway’s description of bankrupcy:
The
flip side of נגלה להם וחוזר ונכסה מהם is the faith that things can change in an instant. In the moment that ומשה בן שמנים שנה, we see Rav Soloveitchik’s periods that are “dynamic. Great miracles happen and the Jew attains great heights.”