Rav Copperman discusses an obscure topic in this week’s parasha, and poetically describes it as a three-fold symphony:
He’s talking about the two kinds of precious stones in the בגדי כהונה:
And Rashi points out that the two types (שהם and מלאים) are for two different items, respectively:
So what are they? The אבני שהם are part of the shoulder straps of the Ephod:
It’s worth noting that there is no description of the Ephod; it’s just like any ephod. תנ״ך is full of people who where ephods; it clearly was obvious what was meant. The context is always something belted over a robe, as a sign of importance. To my mind, it’s the equivalent of a tie. If you go into a store, the person wearing the tie is the manager.
פורצי״נט is usually transliterated as porceint, translated in Godefroy’s dictionary of Old French as ceinture, ”belt“ (also as enceinte, ”pregnant“). But it could be porcinet, ”piglet“, which means only one thing to me:
The only thing unique about this ephod is the shoulder straps, that have the אבני שהם and connect to the Breastplate:
Both types of stones are לזכרן, as a memorial or reminder, and are משבצים, in settings, but the Choshen stones are במלואתם, ”in their fullness“. What does that mean?
The Rambam (in the first of Rav Copperman’s three-fold symphony, the הלכה) says that there is a difference in the settings: the אבני מלאים have to be within their settings, while the אבני שהם have no such requirement (they can project out):
Rashi learns this from the word מלאים (the second theme of the symphony, the פרשנות):
The Ramban objects, since the אבני שהם are also in settings:
The Maharal justifies Rashi, making the distinction that we saw in Rambam:
But Rav Copperman’s main point is the third theme, the מחשבה, which he sees in Sforno’s commentary on the אבני שהם:
The אבני שהם are symbolic of ה׳‘s רחמים, in contrast to the אבני מלאים which are symbolic of ה׳’s משפט:
Both aspects of זכרון are important parts of the עבודה of the כהן גדול, and according to Sforno, both require זכות. Even רחמים is not freely given, but must be earned:
Why the difference in the stones? Rav Copperman doesn’t go into it, but I think the main difference is that the אבני שהם have the tribes listed together; on the אבני מלאים they are all listed separately. Being part of the community increases our זכויות before הקב״ה and allows us to expect רחמים rather than דין:
The gemara explicitly makes this point, when talking about תשובה. We might have said תשובה only works for the community as a whole, because ה׳ has great רחמים for the community. But an individual doesn’t have the זכות:
Rav Dessler puts it all together. The power of the צבור, of what we are attributing to the אבני שהם, is that we are all individuals. We each bring our own strengths, our own זכויות, to the whole, that allows us to fulfill our destiny as a community: