This shiur was inspired by two regular participants. I always appreciate the feedback! I’m going to start by looking at the construction of the מזבח, the bronze altar:
What is a מכבר? It clearly is not part of the body of the מזבח, because it is described after the utensils. The translations are not much help:
The “netting” translation comes from Onkelos, who uses the same word to translate מכבר as he does the קלעים, the lace curtains:
And a כברה is a sieve:
So Targum Pseudo-Jonathan says that the מכבר was an OSHA requirement, a metal screen to keep the coals from falling down:
But no one seems to go with that, and it doesn’t explain the rings on the edges.
David Hirschhorn tells the story of the epiphany he had at a company picnic. They brought in a caterer who had a huge grill: a metal box filled with coals, with a grate on top for grilling, and the cook would sprinkle water and sauce on the meat to keep it from burning. David realized that this was exactly what the Torah is describing here: The כהנים ate the meat of the קרבנות. The metal מזבח is filled with coals, and the מכבר is the grill that goes on top of the fire, with rings to hook on the “horns”. The מזלגות are barbecue tongs, and the מזרקות are pans for barbecue sauce.
Now, that’s not how we usually think about it. We assume the parts of the קרבן that go on the מזבח are the parts that are burned completely; the animals are sacrificed, and the parts that are meant to be eaten are given to the כהנים or the owners (depending on the type of קרבן), and they cook it wherever they want, in the עזרה or in Jerusalem, depending on the type of קרבן.
But I can’t find proof that the כהנים didn’t grill their meat directly on the מזבח. We have very few descriptions of how the קרבן was cooked.
The only statement about where to roast is a negative one:
That implies that לכתחילה you can’t use the מזבח as a barbecue pit, but בדיעבד it would be. But I still think David is wrong about the מכבר itself, because the rings that are attached to it are used for the poles, so it must go on the outside of the מזבח.
So it’s usually assumed that the מכבר was simply decorative:
But I don’t think David is completely wrong. The מכבר is decorative, but it’s a decorative barbecue grill. It has to be symbolic of something, and the idea of hanging symbols on the outside of the מזבח occurs elsewhere:
The מכבר is also an אות, reminding us what it means when we eat a קרבן:
There’s a grill hanging on the outside of the מזבח as a sign that we are eating literally משולחן גבוה.
That’s some of the symbolism of the מזבח. I also want to look at the symbolism of the ארון.
My sister is on the board of Pardes, which I hadn’t realized still existed (Suzanne had learned there in her gap year, some number of years ago). I like to think of myself as aware of Torah resources, and since I hadn’t heard about them in decades, I would do my bit to help publicize them. This is from Rav Alex Israel’s Terumah: Hypocrisy and Authenticity
The question comes up: is תוכו כברו a good thing? What if your תוך isn’t so good?
Rashi points out the ambiguity, that תוכו כברו is both גנות and שבח:
And the gemara describes the day that Rabban Gamliel was deposed as head of the Sanhedrin:
אין תוכו כברו may mean that we acknowledge that there is a right way to act, even if we don’t feel it inside.
And in fact, if we look at the כלי המשכן for symbolism, the מזבח is the opposite of the ארון: it is full of dirt!
Rabbi Israel doesn’t present a synthesis for this dialectic, just presents questions for discussion. But we know we are supposed to do מצוות for the wrong reasons, שלא לשמה:
But שלא לשמה בא לשמה has to be part of the process. The problem with hypocrisy is being satisfied with אין תוכו כברו.
The assumption of the Torah is that our true תוך is always good; that we have the potential to improve:
Phyllis Shapiro points out that this may be the real symbolism of the ארון: gold on the outside, gold on the hidden deep inside (Rav Kook’s פנימית האמיתית) with cheap wood in the core between them.
The combined symbolism of the כלי המשכן tells us that as long as we are striving to improve, we can.
כל תלמיד חכם שאין תוכו כברו, אינו תלמיד חכם. Yet.