This week’s parsha starts with the laws of judges:
We’ve talked many times about the structure of ספר דברים, that the 10 commandments in פרשת ואתחנן is the outline for the long list of מצוות that follow. The first half of this parsha corresponds to the fifth, כבד את אביך ואת אמך. It deals with the authority figures of the nation: מלך, שופט, כהן and נביא.
But between the paragraphs about judges, there are three laws that we previously understood as metaphors:
טז:כא לא תטע לך אשרה כל עץ; אצל מזבח ה׳ אלקיך אשר תעשה לך׃
טז:כב ולא תקים לך מצבה אשר שנא ה׳ אלקיך׃
יז:א לא תזבח לה׳ אלקיך שור ושה אשר יהיה בו מום כל דבר רע; כי תועבת ה׳ אלקיך הוא׃
And then, there is a recap of the prohibition against idolatry:
Why here? Why not put this with the laws corresponding to לא יהיה לך אלהים אחרים? The answer is in the rest of the paragraph:
This paragraph isn’t addressed to the sinner; it is addressed to the judge. It emphasizes the need for דרשת היטב. A judge can’t simply go from הגד לך ושמעת to imposing punishment.
There is a poignant example from the life of שמעון בן שטח, one of the heads of the Sanhedrin:
פראקטיק שולע איז די בעסטע שולע, אבער די פרייז איז זייער טייער.
But there is more to דרשת היטב than examining the witnesses and the evidence. A judge has to understand why the accused did the act:
The halacha recognises that a person may sin, but may have had no way to know that what they did was wrong:
No one else says this, but I would propose that is what והנה אמת נכון הדבר means: אמת means the act truly happened; נכון means that the punishment being proposed is appropriate.
The Slonimer, Rabbi Sholom Noach Berezovsky, adds a different twist:
He says that the Torah is telling us that serious sins don’t come out of nowhere:
Part of what the שופטים in society need to do is a root cause analysis of why crime happens.
And that applies to each of us, on a smaller scale. אלול is the month that we try to engage in תשובה, in judging ourselves before יום הדין. But we really aren’t bad people; we don’t have that much to improve. None of us are at the level of ויעבד אלהים אחרים.
תשובה is a state of mind, of determining what our aims and goals really are, and aligning them with what they should be.