This week’s parsha starts with the laws of oaths, נדרים:
And the question here is, as it was with last week’s מוספים, why list the laws here? These parshiot are all about the preparation for entering the land. Ibn Ezra says it is foreshadowing the request later in the parsha, when Reuven and Gad ask for the land on the east of the Jordan.
That’s a nice answer; he doesn’t explain why the laws are before the request, but אין מוקדם ומאוחר בתורה. The bigger
problem is that the laws discussed here are not those of an oath to do something, they are לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹ; they are the נדרים that allow us to create new categories of forbidden things. They aren’t really the נדרים of Reuven and Gad.
Yosef Bechor Shor (12th century) says it is to emphasize the authority of the “chiefs of staff”:
But if the purpose was to establish the authority of the ראשי המטות in enforcing extra-halachic rules, then we would expect the rules of תקנות and גזרות that the ראשי המטות would impose, the laws of civil society. That will be established later in פרשת שופטים:
So why the laws of personal vows?
Ramban connects it to the end of last week’s parsah:
But that is a fundamentally different type of נדר. There are two kinds of vows called נדרים:
And our parsha focuses on the first type, not the second of נדריכם ונדבותיכם לעולותיכם.
So Rav Eisemann doesn’t think of those answers are adequate. He focuses on the nature of a נדר. It exists לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹ. The fact that it is told אל ראשי המטות is incidental; that teaches us about the power of such an authority in התרת נדרים. This paragraph is here because the people need to review the laws of נדרי איסור before entering the land.
We have one earlier example of a נדר לֶאְסֹר אִסָּר עַל נַפְשׁוֹ.
And famously, the nazir brings קרבנות after their term:
Why do they bring a חטאת?
The Yerushalmi summarizes the Torah’s attitude about נדרים:
But, are נדרים so bad? Why would ה׳ incorporate them into the תרי״ג מצוות?
There is an ideal called פרישות, often translated as asceticism.
חז״ל, the sages of the Mishna and Talmud, were called Pharisees from the word פרושים, because of this ideal of קַדֵּשׁ עַצְמְךָ בַּמֻּתָּר לְךָ.
So are נדרים good or are they bad? Yes. They are tools. The laws of נדרים emphasize that vows are not to be taken lightly, that our words have meaning. נדרים are power tools.
And the laws of נדרים are emphasized here, as בני ישראל are about to enter the land, because the plan is that they are going to become fabulously wealthy. That is a dangerous thing.
You don’t have to make a נדר; Shlomo says (קהלת ה:ד-ה) טוֹב אֲשֶׁר לֹא תִדֹּר…כִּי אֵין חֵפֶץ בַּכְּסִילִים; אֵת אֲשֶׁר תִּדֹּר שַׁלֵּם. But you need to be aware of dangers of overindulgence and being a נבל ברשות התורה. The concept of נדרים and נדרים סיג לפרישות has to be at the top of our shopping lists.