There is a simple pasuk in this week’s parsha that took me on a long, winding journey and I invite you to join me.
Rav Yaakov Kamenetsky as a short comment on this pasuk:
And that needs to be explored.
ממחרת הפסח reminds us that the holiday we call פסח is actually called חג המצות in the Torah; פסח is day we call ערב פסח. It’s not a big deal, but Christians like making a distinction between the Feast of the Passover and the Feast of Unleavened Bread. Chizkuni reminds us that the night after the קרבן פסח —ליל הסדר—belongs to both holidays:
So ממחרת הפסח is the fifteenth of Nisan. The expression ממחרת הפסח occurs once more in תנ״ך:
But now it means something different. They could only eat the produce of the land on the day after יום טוב.
So ממחרת הפסח here must mean the sixteenth of Nisan:
A simple explanation is that the meaning of “פסח” changed. It certainly has changed by our times; maybe it had already changed by Joshua’s time.
Rabbeinu Tam has a different explanation, that involves reparsing the pasuk: יאכלו מעבור הארץ ממחרת הפסח מצות, on the fifteenth, and וקלוי בעצם היום הזה on the sixteenth.
Rav Kaminetsky has a different approach. And that gets back to a fundamental question of the Jewish calendar: when does the day begin?
That fits the פשט of the text well (Creation starts with the creation of light; presumably that is day, not night) but it’s not how the halacha works. Ibn Ezra was horrified by Rashbam’s statement:
An argument in the ראשונים about פשט isn’t unusual. What is unusual is that Artscroll, in their Mikraot Gedolot, removed Rashbam’s comments. They censored one of the בעלי תוספות.
Rabbi Marc Shapiro points out that Artscroll is being disingenuous. No one is claiming that Rashbam didn’t start Shabbat on Friday night.
And in fact there are many authorities who hold like Rashbam, that the “day” of creation started in the morning, but the halachic “day” starts at evening. It’s not different from creation being in Tishrei but the Jewish year starting in Nisan.
Which makes for an interesting halachic idea:
How does that relate to our question of ממחרת הפסח? Rav Kaminetsky assumes the Rashbam is right (don’t tell Artscroll!), and that “פסח” refers not to the sacrifice but to the סדר, when it was eaten (as Chizkuni said, ערב יום ט״ו ולילה הראשון נקרא פסח)
That’s “cute”. But why does it matter? Why should the Torah change the definition of a day?
In other words, starting the day with the previous evening says that Creation did not start with ויהי אור. There was something “before” that.
At מתן תורה, when we said נעשה ונשמע, we accepted that there is a purpose to creation and that we are part of that purpose. That was the וַיְהִי עֶרֶב that preceded the וַיְהִי בֹקֶר of יוֹם הַשִּׁשִּׁי, the culmination of Creation.