After בני ישראל enter the land, they are are told to put up those “FOR-TRUTH” billboards:
What does באר היטב mean? The מפרשי פשט say it means, “clearly written”.
That’s the way the word באר is used in חבקוק:
But באר (meaning in modern Hebrew, “explain”, not “a well”) is rare in תנ״ך; there are only 3 examples: the two above, and the beginning of ספר דברים:
And there, it clearly has the modern meaning of “explain”. Rashi cites the gemara that באר היטב in our pasuk also means “well explained”, with a commentary:
The Torah Temimah doesn’t take that literally:
But taking the expression בשבעים לשון to mean literally “in seventy languages” implies that Moshe translated the Torah. Why would he do that? The people spoke Hebrew (and maybe ancient Egyptian). The Lubavitch Rebbe said that Moshe was teaching us, the readers of the Torah 3000 years later, something.
It is a התר for us to learn Torah in whatever language we are comfortable with, and a reassurance that our learning is still “Torah”. The Sfas Emes goes further.
The פשט meaning of מַרְפֵּא לָשׁוֹן עֵץ חַיִּים is “a healing word is a tree of life”, but the midrash turns that around: the Tree of Life (the Torah) heals tongues (languages).
Writing דברי תורה in a language makes it a holy language. It’s how Rambam defines לשון הקודש: language in which holy things are said (he puts it in the negative: language in which unholy things are not said):
And so חז״ל saw Greek, the language of contemporary philosophy, as an appropriate language to translate the Torah. It had the vocabulary and expressed the concepts that such a translation needs.
But that brings up the עשרה בטבת problem.
One of the reasons for fasting on עשרה בטבת is the translation of the Torah into Greek.
So is translating the Torah a good thing or a bad thing? Yes. The Lubavitch Rebbe notes that the ברייתא says that this translation was as bad as יום שנעשה העגל, the day that the Golden Calf was made. That is an odd way to put it.
The Golden Calf had the potential to lead to a חַג לַה׳.
Translations are useful, even necessary, but they are dangerous.
Using another language means using terms and concepts that are foreign to the original, that have implications and allusions that are different from the original language. But none of us speak the original language of the Torah; even Israeli Hebrew is not the language of תנ״ך.
And our ways of thinking are colored by 3000 years of cultural shifts and exposure to other ways of thinking. We always read the Torah in translation. And Moshe, writing the Torah באר היטב, reassures us that it is OK.