This week’s parsha starts with the news of Sara’s pregnancy. Sara, being Jewish, responds with a sarcastic laugh:
Avraham had responded in a similar way, when he got the news 3 days earlier:
And that laughter ends up defining Yitzchak:
However, ה׳'s response seems to be different between Avraham and Sara. He rebukes Sara, not Avraham. It’s not obvious why that is, but the Targum says that the laughter was different:
חדוה is a synonym for happiness; חֲדִי is a joyful, appreciative laugh.
חיוך is mocking, sarcastic laughter:
(I will assume that שחק and צחק are the same word).
And that is how Rashi understands the difference:
The question is, how do we know that from the text? The answer seems to be: we don’t. But (שמואל א טז:ז) ה׳ יִרְאֶה לַלֵּבָב and we assume that ה׳ got it right:
But it would be nice to have some textual evidence.
Nonetheless, even assuming Sara was sarcastic, we can justify her laughter. Avraham was in the middle of an explicit vision from G-d; he wasn’t going to doubt ה׳'s word. Sara would not have doubted it either. But Sara was overhearing a conversation with three strangers. There was no reason for her to think this was more than a nice comment.
Actually, the text implies the opposite about Avraham: שאברהם האמין isn’t literally true; his response is not “Thank You, G-d”, but “If only Yishmael would fulfill his role”, and ה׳ has to tell him “אבל שרה אשתך ילדת לך בן”.
So we have to say that Avraham thought that having a child at their advanced age was impossible, but, as Onkelos says, his response was one of joy: “Amen, may it be so”, rather than “yeah, right”. But there are those who read ה׳'s response to Avraham more negatively:
Or even put all the blame on Avraham:
So we end up with some very ambiguous laughter by both Avraham and Sara, that ends up defining their son:
Our relationship with הקב״ה is inherently dialectical: we call the facets of it מדת הרחמים and מדת הדין; in fancy words we call it Divine Immanence and Transcendence. The experience of transcendence can evoke awe, but if it is positive (“too good to be true”), it can evoke laughter. But there are two ways to laugh: חֶדְוָא and מְחָיִיךְ. Our response to ה׳'s gifts should always be חֶדְוָא, joyous laughter, and that is what Sara realizes when Yitzchak is born:
To summarize: when things happen that are too good to be true, we laugh. The ambiguity in the reactions of Sara and Avraham is intentional. We need to be able to accept ברכות, just as we need to be able to accept יסורים.
To get a little Zionist, that is the meaning of שיר המעלות:
The perek distinguishes between שחוק, before the point that we acknowledge הגדיל ה׳ לעשות עמנו and שמחה afterward.
I would argue that we haven’t gotten to the אז יאמרו בגוים הגדיל ה׳ part yet, when the whole world recognizes the גאולה. So we are still just laughing about שיבת ציון. But what kind of שחוק is our laughter?