This is largely a re-presentation of פרשת ויקרא תשע״ט. This week’s parsha ends with a description of the קרבן אשם, the sacrifice that is brought when one commits a monetary crime and lies about it under oath:
Why is this מעל בה׳—betraying G-d? We might think that the מעילה, the crime against ה׳, was in swearing falsely, but the discussion of the same offering in ספר במדבר makes it clear that the crime itself is called מעילה בה׳:
Violating דיני ממנות is a crime against G-d as well. It demonstrates a lack of faith:
And it is in fact a greater betrayal than taking from קודש, stealing from the בית המקדש, which is the classic crime of “מעילה”:
The Ohr HaChaim notes that three different crimes are described here: תחטא, מעלה מעל בה׳ and כחש בעמיתו.
There is the sin itself, of stealing, then there is the heresy of telling G-d, “you got this wrong. That property should be mine, not theirs”. And then there is the denial of עמיתו. That is an rare word (usually the Torah uses the word רֵעַ or אַח) that occurs only one other place, where it has a similar flavor:
Taking someone else’s property denies their “עמיות”, denies that they are part of your society. And that connection between גזלה and society as a whole means that ומעלה מעל בה׳ is deeper than a complaint that I should have gotten more stuff. That is because דיני ממנות are unique in halacha. There is a concept called situmta:
Even though the halacha is clear on what counts as a “קנין”, an acquisition, the common practice of a community overrides this.
In interpersonal financial law, המנהג מבטל ההלכה. That is called סיטומתא (a generalization of the marked-wine-barrel case).
Rav Shimon Shkop explains the legal philosophy underlying this principle:
Rav Shkop’s approach is that תורת המשפטים is not prescribed by the Torah, but is determined by society. The Torah forbids stealing, but tells human beings, “you decide what counts as property that can be stolen”. The laws of פרשת משפטים are a model, like the Uniform Commercial Code in the US.
Rav Shkop explains what private property is supposed to mean:
The message is that ה׳ created us to want stuff. That isn’t morally wrong, but our responsibility is to realize that the stuff are tools, not the goal. ה׳ gives us those tools, and gives us the free will to decide how to use them to fulfill His will. There are certainly guidelines and some absolute rules (like ריבית), and we can certainly judge some civil rules to be unjust and work to change them, but underlying this all is an acknowledgement that I am a member of a society, and I need to work within the rules created by that society; my fellow human being is עמיתי. And the מעלה מעל בה׳ is not in the act of stealing per se but in the act telling G-d, “You messed up. You trusted us”.
That connects to what we talked about last week. The word מלאכה is polysemous;
according to the Even Shoshan concordance, מלאכה appears 166 times in תנ״ך. Usually it means “work, activity”. In 8 cases, it means “property”. But those meanings are connected.
The oath taken in our paragraph, for financial crimes, is all about מלאכה:
Private property is meant to create responsibility. Just as ה׳ did not set up the rules of גמילות חסדים because we need to look at each other as subjects, not objects, so too did He not impose the rules of contracts because we need to work together to create a society in which private property—however determined—is respected. Society is a subject, not an object. גזלה is כחש בעמיתו, denying that the other is a member of the עם, and so denies ה׳'s model for the world and is מעלה מעל בה׳.