D’vorah Miller (wife of EHA principal Shmuel Miller) wrote a book of divrei Torah (it was available at the EHA dinner this year) called Up to God. She points out a textual oddity in this week’s parsha:
Why the word change? What is the difference between ארה and קבה? Onkelos doesn’t distinguish between the two words, translating both as לוֹט. Artscroll as well translates both as “curse”. But Rashi says there is a difference:
That comes from the midrash, which expands “נוקב ומפרש”: it means explicitly using ה׳'s name:
We have pointed out before that נוקב means “to specify”:
And it is used in the sense of saying ה׳'s name as part of a curse:
So that makes sense.
The problem is that the grammar is wrong. Here, Bilaam is נוקב את העם, not נוקב את את השם. If נוקב means “specify”, then what’s wrong with specifying the Jewish people?
So D’vorah Miller writes about a different approach. In the shiur on נקבו בשמת, Mickey Ariel objected that in modern Hebrew, נוקב means “to poke a hole in”, not “specify”. And it is used that way in תנ״ך as well:
Miller cites Hirsch, who says that is the root here:
In this perspective, Bilaam’s specialty wasn’t putting magical hexes on people, it was psyops. He demoralized his victims, made them feel worthless and so easy to conquer. He could find what is important to his victim, their sense of identity and self-esteem, and hollow it out. That is קבה.
That tells us something about Bilaam. We’ve discussed the fact that the Torah seems to contrast Avraham and Bilaam:
Bilaam is the anti-Avraham. Avraham is the paragon of חסד, of doing good for ones fellow. To be a בעל חסד, you have to deeply understand “the Other” (in Levinas’s terms), know their deepest needs and desires. But just having that level of “social intelligence” doesn’t automatically make you a good person.
חז״ל make a pun on Bilaam’s homeland (in the context of לבן הארמי)
But ה׳ doesn’t let Bilaam “hollow out” the Jews. Bilaam is forced to reveal a defense strategy against his own attack:
Knowing that הקב״ה created you and gave you a unique purpose in the world means that no human being can take that purpose away. The antidote to being hollowed is being hallowed.
But it’s not a matter of egocentrism. To claim that the world was created for my sake, I need to be part of that world.
So the real defense against Bilaam’s קבה is in his last נבואה: