In this week’s parsha, Bilaam blesses Israel three times, then offers a final prophecy about the “End of Days”:
It’s interesting that Bilaam is one of the few characters in the Torah for which we have archeological evidence:
Bilaam presumably made lots of prophecies, but he’s not Jewish. Why include them in the Torah?
Now, “ספרו” refers to ספר דברים, as we discussed in פרשת בלק תשע״ז, not the Torah as a whole, which was dictated by ה׳ to Moshe. ספרו ופרשת בלעם are different, in that they are the expressions of Moshe’s נבואה.
So פרשת בלעם isn’t really Bilaam’s prophecy; it’s Moshe’s, giving us the same message as Bilaam gave to Balak (though presumably Bilaam’s was given in Moabian, not Hebrew). We can understand that Bilaam’s blessings are included in the Torah to teach us that ה׳ saved us.
But then why the אחרית הימים prophecy? We usually understand that אחרית הימים refers to the “End of History”, what we call ימות המשיח:
But Rabbi Shulman always insists that it just means “later times”, and the Netziv agrees:
And in our parasha, the Netziv says that Bilaam’s vision was about King David’s conquests. Bilaam is reassuring Balak that he has nothing to worry about now; 400 years from now the Israelites will attack Moav, but not yet.
Then the Netziv cites the Rambam, that in fact this prophecy applies in part to the time of David, and in part to the eschatological “End of History”:
So it remains
half fulfilled, half still unfulfilled. This is a problem: what do we do with this? Why is Moshe given this prophecy, and insructed to include it in the Torah? I think the answer is clearly to give us hope, that even when we are oppressed and downtrodden, there will come a time when דרך כוכב מיעקב וקם שבט מישראל. Knowing that even the non-Jews believe this is even more reassuring.
But there is a danger. Let’s look at the story of David’s conquest of Moav:
I have to admit that Rabbi Shulman reads this perek very differently from the way I do. He reads it as a summary of the battles that will come up later, in פרק י, as defensive wars that culminate in victories that allow David to extend his influence. This perek is a description of the glory of David’s empire. I read it much more darkly. This perek describes David’s מלחמות רשות, wars he undertook with the deliberate aim of taking spoils from other nations:
The Netziv adds that David’s wars are fundamentally different from previous ones. He may ask ה׳ through the נביא or the אורים ותומים, but there is no mitzvah to go to war, no commandment.
It isn’t obvious from the summary in ספר שמואל, but it wasn’t all glorious victory.
While David’s forces won against the Philistines, against Moav and against Aram (see תהילים סח for a poetic description of the miraculous victory in that war), Israel lost in the beginning of the war with Edom. I compare the war in Aram to 1967, and the war in Edom with 1973. Israel survived, but responded with a shocking brutality:
So what is going on? We read this parsha and see that David fulfilled it, in part. But David doesn’t know anything about שני המשיחים—במשיח הראשון שהוא דויד…ובמשיח האחרון שיעמוד מבניו, שמושיע את ישראל מיד בני עשי. David wants to bring about the אחרית הימים. There’s no reason the process should take 3000 years. I propose that David is intentionally trying to fulfill the prophecy. He is the מלך המשיח, after all.
And that is where David failed.
We cannot force נבואות of the אחרית הימים. We have specific מצוות to fulfill, and eschatological prophecies are up to ה׳. David learns this lesson; the end of פרק ח is:
And all those wars and all those spoils don’t bring the בית המקדש any closer:
As the Rambam says, “Don’t Immanentize the Eschaton”: