This week’s parasha starts with a description of the service for Yom Kippur, and includes one of the strangest rituals, what William Tyndale called the scapegoat:
Many explanations for the שעיר המשתלח have been given, none completely satisfying. In Artscroll’s words, it is a חוק and we just have to accept its illogic. But I want to start with the Ibn Ezra’s words:
We will touch on the question of whether the goat is killed, and who this מפרש was, later. But the mystery is in his last comment: בהיותך בן שלשים ושלש תדענו. What happens when I’m 33? Luckily, Ramban explains:
So if we count 33 pesukim from the commandment about the goat to Azazel, we find this commandment:
Ramban explains that the שעיר to עזאזל represents a gift to the שעיר, the forces of destruction represented by שרו של עשו, called in the midrash סמאל, the prosecutor in the heavenly court. But read the midrash carefully: the “bribe” is not the goat; we are not sacrificing to demons! The “bribe” is our sinless state after the confession and repentance of Yom Kippur. When the שטן sees the goat symbolically carrying away our sins, he has to concede that he has no case and the case is dismissed. But then, why the goat (besides the שעיר-שעיר pun)? It would seem that here the Ramban would concede to the Rambam’s argument, that at least this aspect of halacha is a concession to בני ישראל's idolatrous past:
The need for some physical sign of forgiveness led to the other part of this ceremony, one that is not mentioned in the Torah but hinted at in ישעיהו:
It is not clear when the crimson thread became part of the Yom Kippur ritual (it is part of the פרה אדומה purification), but perhaps it was needed because people didn’t feel the symbolism of the שעיר. The mishna implies that the primary purpose was to distinguish the two otherwise identical goats:
But it was used as a sign that they were, in fact, forgiven:
And as the spiritual level of בני ישראל diminished, the miracles did as well:
There is an interesting Yerushalmi that implies that originally, the crimson thread indicated individual forgiveness on Yom Kippur:
So the שעיר המשתלח is the reification of our forgiveness. We have spent the past 40 days, from ראש חדש אלול, beating our chests over all our sins, feeling worthless and unforgivable. We are only human; we need some physical reassurance that there is a reason to go on. The goat and crimson thread served that purpose. Nowadays, the blowing of the shofar, reminiscent of the קראתם דרוד of יובל, serves that purpose. We breathe a sigh of relief; for most of us, it’s just that we can finally sit down and eat. But it is also the feeling of relief that ה׳ has allowed us, even encouraged us, to go on, despite our past misdeeds. That way we can go into סוכות thinking that it is indeed זמן שמחתינו.
Some additional thoughts on the scapegoat:
And the מפרש with whom the Ibn Ezra disagreed? He may well have been a Karaite, rejecting the interpretations of חז״ל and reading the Torah literally. This may have happened earlier in history as well: