We’ve spent a lot of time looking at David’s life through the lens of ספר שמואל. The נביאים didn’t believe in a lot of positive reinforcement; almost everything recorded was a criticism. It gets depressing sometimes. So I want to take a break before we get into פרק כא, and look at the unalloyed joy of הלל. It’s appropriate for the upcoming יום טוב season. Most of this comes from articles by Rav Moshe Lichtenstein.
The תהילים that we call הלל have two types of כותרת: הללויה and הודו לה׳. They represent two aspects of David’s praise of הקב״ה, which we will call הלל and הודאה.
We translate הלל as “praise” and הודאה as “acknowledgment” or “gratitude”. The ambiguity of הודו לה׳ is important:
That is important in understanding what we mean by הלל והודאה.
הודאה is about us; הלל is about ה׳. And so the feelings are different.
חז״ל describe the establishment of חנוכה as (שבת כא,ב) קְבָעוּם וַעֲשָׂאוּם יָמִים טוֹבִים בְּהַלֵּל וְהוֹדָאָה, and that serves as the basis for much of the discussion of that distinction.
In fact, Rabbi Yochanan Bechhofer (in an audio shiur) says there are פוסקים who say one should not bring a קרבן תודה (or, nowadays, say ברכת הגומל) on a נס נגלה, because by definition an outright miracle is about demonstrating ה׳'s power, not about ה׳ helping any individual human being. If ה׳ wanted to do something for us, it would be in the form of a נס נסתר, apparently within the laws of nature. This has implications להלכה:
A נס נגלה represents a failure in our אמונה:
הלל is praising ה׳ for His overt revelation. There is a special זכות in being able to see יד ה׳ even in the everyday working of the world, which is the הלל of פסוקי דזמרא.
Scientists may gloss over this ענין הנפלא בהטבע with the “anthropic principle”:
But we recognize that he fact that we can exist is a miracle, worthy of both הלל and the
הודאה that has the double implication of thanking and admitting. It means declaring our dependence on ה׳, and His beneficence in supporting us. הודו לה׳ כי טוב…נתן לחם לכל בשר; כי לעולם חסדו.
There’s a more mystical side to הלל והודאה. The Zohar connects the ten מאמרות של שבח of תהילים with the ten sefirot, the taxonomy of ה׳'s revelation in the world.
הלל corresponds to תפארת:
We’ve discussed the idea of the sefirah of תפארת representing the incomprehensible, absolute אמת of הקב״ה, and how we can sense an aspect of that through learning תורה, experiencing “the mind of G-d”. הַלְלוּיָהּ is David’s way of praising ה׳'s infinite greatness, His נִפְלָאוֹת.
הודאה corresponds to הוד:
נצח and הוד go together:
To modify what I’ve said before about נצח, הוד, as I put all this together, is the manifestation of ה׳’s דין through intermediaries, through us. When we recognize G-d’s transcendence and are inspired to grow spiritually, that is ה׳’s manifestation in הוד.
So I would say it is better to translate הוד as הודאה, ”admission“, rather than as “splendor”. But not as a confession that that makes us feel worthless, but as a recognition that we have the potential to be the reflection of something greater than ourselves.
הלל says “G-d is great”. הודאה says “we can be great, too”.