ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: levenshtein

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

The Dead Sea scrolls Isaiah is from 125 BCE; if we assume that Isaiah was about 700 BCE and the texts were fixed by the time of the Dead Sea scroll, then the differences accumulated over about 600 years. If we allow that the Masoretic text may have accumulated errors up to the time of the Mechon Mamre edition, then itโ€™s about 2600 years. The Dead Sea scrolls is โ€œvocalizedโ€ and thus spelled ืžืœืโ€Ž (ืœื is spelled ืœื•ื) and if we consider those differences intentional then the two texts are even closer.

ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ืฅ ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื–ื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ื– ื™ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืขื• ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื™ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ ื”ืณ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื•ืจื•ืžืžืชื™ ื•ื”ื ืคืฉืขื• ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืจ ืงื ื”ื• ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื ื™ื“ืข ืขืžื™ ืœื ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ื—ื˜ื ืขื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขื•ืŸ ื–ืจืข ืžืจืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืณ ื ืืฆื• ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื–ืจื• ืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืชื›ื• ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืกืจื” ื›ืœ ืจืืฉ ืœื—ืœื™ ื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ ื“ื•ื™ ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจืืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื ืคืฆืข ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื•ืžื›ื” ื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื ื–ืจื• ื•ืœื ื—ื‘ืฉื• ื•ืœื ืจื›ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืืจืฆื›ื ืฉืžืžื” ืขืจื™ื›ื ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืืฉ ืื“ืžืชื›ื ืœื ื’ื“ื›ื ื–ืจื™ื ืื›ืœื™ื ืืชื” ื•ืฉืžืžื” ื›ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืกื›ื” ื‘ื›ืจื ื›ืžืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฉื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืกื“ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืžืจื” ื“ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžืขื• ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืกื“ื ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจืช ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืขื ืขืžืจื” ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืจื‘ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื›ื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื“ื ืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืชื•ื“ื™ื ืœื ื—ืคืฆืชื™ ื›ื™ ืชื‘ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ ืžื™ ื‘ืงืฉ ื–ืืช ืžื™ื“ื›ื ืจืžืก ื—ืฆืจื™ ืœื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ืช ืฉื•ื ืงื˜ืจืช ืชื•ืขื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืงืจื ืžืงืจื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฆืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ืฉื ืื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ ืœื˜ืจื— ื ืœืื™ืชื™ ื ืฉื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื›ื ื›ืคื™ื›ื ืืขืœื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื ื’ื ื›ื™ ืชืจื‘ื• ืชืคืœื” ืื™ื ื ื™ ืฉืžืข ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื“ืžื™ื ืžืœืื• ืจื—ืฆื• ื”ื–ื›ื• ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืจืข ืžืขืœืœื™ื›ื ืžื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื“ืœื• ื”ืจืข ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจื• ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืชื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื• ืืœืžื ื”

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื:ื-ื™ื–

ื—ื–ื•ืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื‘ืŸ ืืžื•ืฅ ืืฉืจ ื—ื–ื” ืขืœ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ื•ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื ื‘ื™ืžื™ ืขื•ื–ื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ืชื ืื—ื– ื™ื—ื–ืงื™ื”ื• ืžืœื›ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื” ืฉืžืขื• ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื”ืื–ื™ื ื™ ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ื ื”ืณ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื ื™ื ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื•ืจื•ืžืžืชื™ ื•ื”ืžื” ืคืฉืขื• ื‘ื™ ื™ื“ืข ืฉื•ืจ ืงื ื”ื• ื•ื—ืžื•ืจ ืื‘ื•ืก ื‘ืขืœื™ื• ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื•ื ื™ื“ืข ืขืžื™ ืœื•ื ื”???ื ืŸ ื”ื•ื™ ื’ื•ื™ ื—ื˜ื” ืขื ื›ื‘ื“ ืขื•ื•ืŸ ื–ืจืข ืžืจืขื™ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืฉื—ื™ืชื™ื ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืณ ื ืืฆื• ืืช ืงื“ื•ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื ื–ืจื• ืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžื” ืชื›ื• ืขื•ื“ ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืกืจื” ื›ืœ ืจื•ืืฉ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœ ืœื‘ื‘ ื“ื•ื” ืžื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœ ื•ืขื“ ืจื•ืืฉ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื• ืžืชื ืคืฆืข ื•ื—ื‘ื•ืจ? ื•ืžื›ื” ื˜ืจื™ื” ืœื•ื ื–ืจื• ื•ืœื•ื ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื• ื•ืœื•ื ืจื›ื›ื” ื‘ืฉืžืŸ ืืจืฆื›ื ืฉืžืžื” ืขืจื™ื›ื ืฉืจืคื•ืช ืืฉ ืื“ืžืชื›ื ืœื ื’ื“ื›ื ื–ืจื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ืืชื” ื•ืฉืžืžื” ืขืœื™ื” ื›ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื–ืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืชืจื” ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื›ืกื›ื” ื‘ื›ืจื ื›ืžืœื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฉื” ื›ืขื™ืจ ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื•ืœื™ ื”ืณ ืฆื‘ืื•ืช ื”ื•ืชื™ืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืจื™ื“ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืกื“ื•ื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœืขืžืจื” ื“ืžื™ื ื• ืฉืžืขื• ??? ื”ืณ ืงืฆื™ื ื™ ืกื“ื•ื ื•ื”ืื–ื™ื ื• ืชื•ืจืช ืืœืงื™ื ื• ืขื ืขืžืจื” ืœืžื” ืœื™ ืจื•ื‘ ื–ื‘ื—ื™ื›ื ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ ืขืœื•ืช ืื™ืœื™ื ื•ื—ืœื‘ ืžืจื™ืื™ื ื•ื“ื ืคืจื™ื ื•ื›ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ืขืชื•ื“ื™ื ืœื•ื ื—ืคืฆืชื™ ื›ื™ื ืชื‘ืื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื ื™ ืžื™ ื‘ืงืฉ ื–ื•ืืช ืžื™ื“ื›ื ืœืจืžืก ื—ืฆืจื™ ืœื•ื ืชื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืžื ื—ืช ืฉื•ื ืงื˜ืจืช ืชื•ืขื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื™ ื—ื“ืฉ ื•ืฉื‘ืช ืงืจื ืžืงืจื ืœื•ื ืื•ื›ืœ ืื•ืŸ ื•ืขืฆืจื” ื—ื“ืฉื™ื›ื ื•ืžื•ืขื“ื™ื›ื ืฉื ืื” ื ืคืฉื™ ื”ื™ื• ืขืœื™ ืœื˜ืจื— ื ืœืื™ืชื™ ื ืฉื•ื ื•ื‘ืคืจืฉื›ื ื›ืคื™ื›ื ืืขืœื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ ืžื›ื ื’ื ื›ื™ ืชืจื‘ื• ืชืคืœื” ืื™ื ื ื™ ืฉื•ืžืข ื™ื“ื™ื›ื ื“ืžื™ื ืžืœืื• ืืฆื‘ืขื•ืชื›ื ืžืื•ืŸ ืจื—ืฆื• ื•ื”ื–ื›ื• ื”ืกื™ืจื• ืจืข ืžืขืœืœื™ื›ื ืžื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ ื—ื“ืœื• ื”ืจืข ืœืžื“ื• ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื“ืจืฉื• ืžืฉืคื˜ ืืฉืจื• ื—ืžื•ืฅ ืฉืคื˜ื• ื™ืืชื•ื ืจื™ื‘ื• ืืœืžื ื”

ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ืคืจืง ื:ื-ื™ื–, Dead Sea Scrolls, 1QIsaa

Levenshtein distance: 59; ignoring the ืžืœื spelling and the holes in the parchment (marked with ?) it is 30. The difference (percent of characters that need to change) is 5.2%; accounting for only the apparent typos, it is 2.7%.


ืกืคืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ and ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื are very different, though only about 500 years apart:

ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื ืกื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ืข ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ื™ื”ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืชื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืžืฆืื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ื™ื—ืœ ืžืื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืœื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ืฉืœืฃ ื—ืจื‘ืš ื•ื“ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ื” ืคืŸ ื™ื‘ื•ืื• ื”ืขืจืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื“ืงืจื ื™ ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื” ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืจื ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืงื— ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืจื‘ื• ื•ื™ืžืช ืขืžื• ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ื’ื ื›ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื™ื—ื“ื• ื•ื™ืจืื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืขืžืง ื•ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ืจื“ืŸ ื›ื™ ื ืกื• ืื ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื›ื™ ืžืชื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ื ืกื• ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”ืŸ ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืžื—ืจืช ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื”ื’ืœื‘ืข ื•ื™ื›ืจืชื• ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ื™ืคืฉื˜ื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื•ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืขืฉืชืจื•ืช ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืชื• ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ืืœื™ื• ื™ืฉื‘ื™ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืœื›ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื” ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื’ื•ื™ืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืžื—ื•ืžืช ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืŸ ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื™ืฉืจืคื• ืืชื ืฉื ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžืชื™ื”ื ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืชื—ืช ื”ืืฉืœ ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉื” ื•ื™ืฆืžื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ืœื

ื•ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื•ื™ื ืก ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืžืคื ื™ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ืคืœื• ื—ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื’ืœื‘ืข ื•ื™ื“ื‘ืงื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื›ื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืืช ื™ื•ื ืชืŸ ื•ืืช ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืืช ืžืœื›ื™ืฉื•ืข ื‘ื ื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืชื›ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืžืฆืื”ื• ื”ืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืช ื•ื™ื—ืœ ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืื•ืœ ืืœ ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ืฉืœืฃ ื—ืจื‘ืš ื•ื“ืงืจื ื™ ื‘ื” ืคืŸ ื™ื‘ืื• ื”ืขืจืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื”ืชืขืœืœื• ื‘ื™ ื•ืœื ืื‘ื” ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ื™ืจื ืžืื“ ื•ื™ืงื— ืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื™ืคืœ ืขืœื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื ื ืฉื ื›ืœื™ื• ื›ื™ ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืคืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ื—ืจื‘ ื•ื™ืžืช ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืฉืœืฉืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื›ืœ ื‘ื™ืชื• ื™ื—ื“ื• ืžืชื• ื•ื™ืจืื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืžืง ื›ื™ ื ืกื• ื•ื›ื™ ืžืชื• ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืขื–ื‘ื• ืขืจื™ื”ื ื•ื™ื ืกื• ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื‘ื• ื‘ื”ื ื•ื™ื”ื™ ืžืžื—ืจืช ื•ื™ื‘ืื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืคืฉื˜ ืืช ื”ื—ืœืœื™ื ื•ื™ืžืฆืื• ืืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ืจ ื’ืœื‘ืข ื•ื™ืคืฉื™ื˜ื”ื• ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ืจืืฉื• ื•ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื—ื• ื‘ืืจืฅ ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœื‘ืฉืจ ืืช ืขืฆื‘ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื”ืขื ื•ื™ืฉื™ืžื• ืืช ื›ืœื™ื• ื‘ื™ืช ืืœื”ื™ื”ื ื•ืืช ื’ืœื’ืœืชื• ืชืงืขื• ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื’ื•ืŸ ื•ื™ืฉืžืขื• ื›ืœ ื™ื‘ื™ืฉ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื• ืคืœืฉืชื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื™ืงื•ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืืช ื’ื•ืคืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื•ื ื™ื‘ื™ืฉื” ื•ื™ืงื‘ืจื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื•ืชื™ื”ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉ ื•ื™ืฆื•ืžื• ืฉื‘ืขืช ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื™ืžืช ืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืžืขืœื• ืืฉืจ ืžืขืœ ื‘ื”ืณ ืขืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืณ ืืฉืจ ืœื ืฉืžืจ ื•ื’ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื‘ืื•ื‘ ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ื•ืœื ื“ืจืฉ ื‘ื”ืณ ื•ื™ืžื™ืชื”ื• ื•ื™ืกื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืœื•ื›ื” ืœื“ื•ื™ื“ ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉื™

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื™

Levenshtein distance: 309, a 30% difference, an order of magnitude higher.


Other intra-Tanach examples:

ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœื•ืชื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื• ื–ืžืจื• ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื• ื”ืชื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื• ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืณ ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืณ ื•ืขื–ื• ื‘ืงืฉื• ืคื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื›ืจื• ื ืคืœืื•ืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืžืคืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืคื™ื• ื–ืจืข ืื‘ืจื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื–ื›ืจ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื” ืœืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืจืช ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• ืœื™ืฉื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ืœืืžืจ ืœืš ืืชืŸ ืืช ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื—ืœืชื›ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืžืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ื™ ืžืžืžืœื›ื” ืืœ ืขื ืื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืื“ื ืœืขืฉืงื ื•ื™ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ืœื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืืœ ืชืจืขื•

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ืงื”:ื-ื˜ื•

ื”ื•ื“ื• ืœื”ืณ ืงืจืื• ื‘ืฉืžื• ื”ื•ื“ื™ืขื• ื‘ืขืžื™ื ืขืœื™ืœืชื™ื• ืฉื™ืจื• ืœื• ื–ืžืจื• ืœื• ืฉื™ื—ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื ืคืœืืชื™ื• ื”ืชื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืฉื ืงื“ืฉื• ื™ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ ื”ืณ ื“ืจืฉื• ื”ืณ ื•ืขื–ื• ื‘ืงืฉื• ืคื ื™ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื›ืจื• ื ืคืœืืชื™ื• ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื” ืžืคืชื™ื• ื•ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ ืคื™ื”ื• ื–ืจืข ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื”ืณ ืืœืงื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื• ื–ื›ืจื• ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘ืจื™ืชื• ื“ื‘ืจ ืฆื•ื” ืœืืœืฃ ื“ื•ืจ ืืฉืจ ื›ืจืช ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืขืชื• ืœื™ืฆื—ืง ื•ื™ืขืžื™ื“ื” ืœื™ืขืงื‘ ืœื—ืง ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื™ืช ืขื•ืœื ืœืืžืจ ืœืš ืืชืŸ ืืจืฅ ื›ื ืขืŸ ื—ื‘ืœ ื ื—ืœืชื›ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื›ื ืžืชื™ ืžืกืคืจ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ื” ื•ื™ืชื”ืœื›ื• ืžื’ื•ื™ ืืœ ื’ื•ื™ ื•ืžืžืžืœื›ื” ืืœ ืขื ืื—ืจ ืœื ื”ื ื™ื— ืœืื™ืฉ ืœืขืฉืงื ื•ื™ื•ื›ื— ืขืœื™ื”ื ืžืœื›ื™ื ืืœ ืชื’ืขื• ื‘ืžืฉื™ื—ื™ ื•ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืื™ ืืœ ืชืจืขื•

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื–:ื—-ื›ื‘

Levenshtein distance 19; difference 3.7%


ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืจื—ืžืš ื”ืณ ื—ื–ืงื™ ื”ืณ ืกืœืขื™ ื•ืžืฆื•ื“ืชื™ ื•ืžืคืœื˜ื™ ืืœื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ ืื—ืกื” ื‘ื• ืžื’ื ื™ ื•ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ ืžืฉื’ื‘ื™ ืžื”ืœืœ ืืงืจื ื”ืณ ื•ืžืŸ ืื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ืฉืข ืืคืคื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืžื•ืช ื•ื ื—ืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืขืชื•ื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืกื‘ื‘ื•ื ื™ ืงื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืžื•ืงืฉื™ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจ ืœื™ ืืงืจื ื”ืณ ื•ืืœ ืืœืงื™ ืืฉื•ืข ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื”ื™ื›ืœื• ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืฉื•ืขืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ื• ืชื‘ื•ื ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ื•ืชื’ืขืฉ ื•ืชืจืขืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ื”ืจื™ื ื™ืจื’ื–ื• ื•ื™ืชื’ืขืฉื• ื›ื™ ื—ืจื” ืœื• ืขืœื” ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืืคื• ื•ืืฉ ืžืคื™ื• ืชืื›ืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ืขืจืคืœ ืชื—ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืฃ ื•ื™ื“ื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ืจื•ื— ื™ืฉืช ื—ืฉืš ืกืชืจ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื• ืกื›ืชื• ื—ืฉื›ืช ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžื ื’ื” ื ื’ื“ื• ืขื‘ื™ื• ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืจื“ ื•ื’ื—ืœื™ ืืฉ ื•ื™ืจืขื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืณ ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืŸ ืงืœื• ื‘ืจื“ ื•ื’ื—ืœื™ ืืฉ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื—ืฆื™ื• ื•ื™ืคื™ืฆื ื•ื‘ืจืงื™ื ืจื‘ ื•ื™ื”ืžื

ืชื”ื™ืœื™ื ื™ื—:ื‘-ื˜ื•

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืกืœืขื™ ื•ืžืฆื“ืชื™ ื•ืžืคืœื˜ื™ ืœื™ ืืœืงื™ ืฆื•ืจื™ ืื—ืกื” ื‘ื• ืžื’ื ื™ ื•ืงืจืŸ ื™ืฉืขื™ ืžืฉื’ื‘ื™ ื•ืžื ื•ืกื™ ืžืฉืขื™ ืžื—ืžืก ืชืฉืขื ื™ ืžื”ืœืœ ืืงืจื ื”ืณ ื•ืžืื™ื‘ื™ ืื•ืฉืข ื›ื™ ืืคืคื ื™ ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ืžื•ืช ื ื—ืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ืขืœ ื™ื‘ืขืชื ื™ ื—ื‘ืœื™ ืฉืื•ืœ ืกื‘ื ื™ ืงื“ืžื ื™ ืžืงืฉื™ ืžื•ืช ื‘ืฆืจ ืœื™ ืืงืจื ื”ืณ ื•ืืœ ืืœืงื™ ืืงืจื ื•ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื”ื™ื›ืœื• ืงื•ืœื™ ื•ืฉื•ืขืชื™ ื‘ืื–ื ื™ื• ื•ืชื’ืขืฉ ื•ืชืจืขืฉ ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื™ืจื’ื–ื• ื•ื™ืชื’ืขืฉื• ื›ื™ ื—ืจื” ืœื• ืขืœื” ืขืฉืŸ ื‘ืืคื• ื•ืืฉ ืžืคื™ื• ืชืื›ืœ ื’ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ืขืจื• ืžืžื ื• ื•ื™ื˜ ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื™ืจื“ ื•ืขืจืคืœ ืชื—ืช ืจื’ืœื™ื• ื•ื™ืจื›ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืจื•ื‘ ื•ื™ืขืฃ ื•ื™ืจื ืขืœ ื›ื ืคื™ ืจื•ื— ื•ื™ืฉืช ื—ืฉืš ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื™ื• ืกื›ื•ืช ื—ืฉืจืช ืžื™ื ืขื‘ื™ ืฉื—ืงื™ื ืžื ื’ื” ื ื’ื“ื• ื‘ืขืจื• ื’ื—ืœื™ ืืฉ ื™ืจืขื ืžืŸ ืฉืžื™ื ื”ืณ ื•ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ื™ืชืŸ ืงื•ืœื• ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื—ืฆื™ื ื•ื™ืคื™ืฆื ื‘ืจืง ื•ื™ื”ืžื

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื‘:ื‘-ื˜ื•
Levenshtein distance: 121. Difference: 21%. This will warrant futher discussion when we get to this chapter in ืฉืžื•ืืœ.

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