ื‘ืกืดื“

Kavanot: David's Election

Thoughts on Tanach and the Davening

ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืขื“ ืžืชื™ ืืชื” ืžืชืื‘ืœ ืืœ ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืื ื™ ืžืืกืชื™ื• ืžืžืœืš ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ; ืžืœื ืงืจื ืš ืฉืžืŸ ื•ืœืš ืืฉืœื—ืš ืืœ ื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืœื—ืžื™ ื›ื™ ืจืื™ืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœื™ ืžืœืš. ื‘ ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืื™ืš ืืœืš ื•ืฉืžืข ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื’ื ื™; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืขื’ืœืช ื‘ืงืจ ืชืงื— ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื–ื‘ื— ืœื”ืณ ื‘ืืชื™. ื’ ื•ืงืจืืช ืœื™ืฉื™ ื‘ื–ื‘ื—; ื•ืื ื›ื™ ืื•ื“ื™ืขืš ืืช ืืฉืจ ืชืขืฉื” ื•ืžืฉื—ืช ืœื™ ืืช ืืฉืจ ืืžืจ ืืœื™ืš. ื“ ื•ื™ืขืฉ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืช ืืฉืจ ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื”ื•ื” ื•ื™ื‘ื ื‘ื™ืช ืœื—ื; ื•ื™ื—ืจื“ื• ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืจ ืœืงืจืืชื• ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืœื ื‘ื•ืืš. ื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืœื•ื ืœื–ื‘ื— ืœื™ื”ื•ื” ื‘ืืชื™ ื”ืชืงื“ืฉื• ื•ื‘ืืชื ืืชื™ ื‘ื–ื‘ื—; ื•ื™ืงื“ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ ื•ืืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ื•ื™ืงืจื ืœื”ื ืœื–ื‘ื—. ื• ื•ื™ื”ื™ ื‘ื‘ื•ืื ื•ื™ืจื ืืช ืืœื™ืื‘; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืืš ื ื’ื“ ื™ื”ื•ื” ืžืฉื™ื—ื•.

ื– ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืืœ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœ ืชื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืžืจืื”ื• ื•ืืœ ื’ื‘ื” ืงื•ืžืชื• ื›ื™ ืžืืกืชื™ื”ื•; ื›ื™ ืœื ืืฉืจ ื™ืจืื” ื”ืื“ื ื›ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื™ืจืื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ื”ืณ ื™ืจืื” ืœืœื‘ื‘. ื— ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ืฉื™ ืืœ ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจื”ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ. ื˜ ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ ืฉืžื”; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื’ื ื‘ื–ื” ืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ. ื™ ื•ื™ืขื‘ืจ ื™ืฉื™ ืฉื‘ืขืช ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžื•ืืœ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœ ื™ืฉื™, ืœื ื‘ื—ืจ ื”ืณ ื‘ืืœื”. ื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœ ื™ืฉื™ ื”ืชืžื• ื”ื ืขืจื™ื ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ื”ื ื” ืจืขื” ื‘ืฆืืŸ; ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืœ ื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื—ื” ื•ืงื—ื ื• ื›ื™ ืœื ื ืกื‘ ืขื“ ื‘ืื• ืคื”. ื™ื‘ ื•ื™ืฉืœื— ื•ื™ื‘ื™ืื”ื• ื•ื”ื•ื ืื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืขื ื™ืคื” ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืจืื™;

ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ ืงื•ื ืžืฉื—ื”ื•, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื. ื™ื’ ื•ื™ืงื— ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืช ืงืจืŸ ื”ืฉืžืŸ ื•ื™ืžืฉื— ืืชื• ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ืชืฆืœื— ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“ ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื ื•ืžืขืœื”; ื•ื™ืงื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื™ืœืš ื”ืจืžืชื”.

ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ืคืจืง ื˜ื–

Shmuelโ€™s ruse

How could Shmuel be hesitant to obey ื”ืณ? He was not afraid to tear Shaulโ€™s kingdom from him to his face; what has changed? There are three approaches in the ืžืคืจืฉื™ื:

  1. ืื™ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื ืก: Shmuel had the right to keep himself as safe as possible. Obviously, if ื”ืณ had told him to go anyway, he would go, but if the ruse would keep him safe in a non-miraculous manner, he had to use it.

    ืžืฆื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ืืฃ ืข ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื‘ื˜ื— ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ืื• ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืืขืดืค ื›ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืžืจ ืžืœื›ืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืกื›ื ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ื™ืขืงื‘ ืื‘ื™ื ื•โ€ฆื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื•ื“โ€ฆื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื” ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸโ€ฆื”ื™ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžืฆื•ืช ื”ืงืœโ€ฆื›ื™ ืืฃ ืขืœ ืคื™ ืฉื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื ืกื™ื ืŸื ืคืœืื•ืช ืขื ื™ืจืื™ื•, ื‘ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื ืขืœ ืžื ื”ื’ ื”ืขื•ืœืโ€ฆ

    ืจื“ืดืง ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–:ื‘ ื“ืดื” ืขื’ืœืช ื‘ืงืจ

    And as the Malbim says,

    ื‘ืืžืช ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉื™ืช ืขืฆื•ืช ื‘ื ืคืฉื• ืœืขืฉื• ืชื—ื‘ื•ืœื” ืงืœื” ื›ื–ืืช, ืจืง ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง ืœื ืจืฆื” ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื“ืจ ืฉืงืจ ื‘ืคื™ื•. ืœื›ืŸ ืฆื•ื”ื• ื”ืณ ื“ืจืš ืžืฆื•ื” ืฉื™ืงื— ืขื’ืœืช ื‘ืงืจโ€ฆ

    ืžืœื‘ื™ื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื˜ื–:ื‘ ื“ืดื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ื”ืณ

    ืจืฉื‘ืดื compares this to Mosheโ€™s telling Pharoah that the Jews only wanted to go worship for 3 days in the desert:

    โ€ฆื•ื›ืŸ ืžื™ื ื• ื‘ืฉืžื•ืืœ, ื›ืฉืฆื™ื•ื”ื• ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืœืžืฉื•ื— ืืช ื“ื•ื“ ืืžืจ ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืœื”ืงื‘ืดื” ื•ืฉืžืข ืฉืื•ืœ ื•ื”ืจื’ื ื™ ื•ื”ืงื‘ืดื” ืืžืจ ืœื• ืขื’ืœืช ื‘ืงืจ ืชืงื— ื‘ื™ื“ืš ื•ืืžืจืช ืœื–ื‘ื— ืœื”ืณ ื‘ืืชื™, ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ื“ืจืš ื—ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื•ื” ืœืžืฉื” โ€ื‘ื”ื•ืฆื™ืืš ืืช ื”ืขื ืžืžืฆืจื™ื ืชืขื‘ื“ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืืœื•ืงื ืขืœ ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื–ื”,โ€œ ื•ื›ืŸ ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื•.

    ืจืฉื‘ืดื ืฉืžื•ืช ื’:ื™ื ื“ืดื” ื•ื™ืืžืจ ืžืฉื”
  2. ื”ืณ rebukes Shmuel: ืจื“ืดืง (second explanation) compares this to Moshe protesting, (ืฉืžื•ืช ืคืจืง ื™ื–:ื“)โ€Ž โ€œืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜ ื•ืกืงืœื ื™โ€ when the Jews were complaining for water. ื”ืณ's response is โ€œืขื‘ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืขื,โ€ go out in front of the people and see that they will not stone you. Similarly, ื”ืณ tells Shmuel to go make a public sacrifice and see that Shaul will do nothing to you.
  3. ื“ืขืช ืžืงืจื's approach, based on the ืื‘ืจื‘ื ืœ: After Shmuel annoints David, he simply gets up and leaves. ื•ื™ืงื ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื•ื™ืœืš implies a deliberate action, making a point of his leaving. This contrasts with his annointing of Shaul, where it says (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™:ื)โ€Ž ื•ื™ืงื— ืฉืžื•ืืœ ืืช ืคืš ื”ืฉืžืŸ, ื•ื™ืฆืง ืขืœ ืจืืฉื• ื•ื™ืฉืงื”ื•. Shmuel does not kiss David; he never even speaks to him. He will never speak to David. Shmuel was mourning Shaulโ€™s lost kingship, and the argument that Shaul would kill him was a ruse, not to save his life, but to avoid this very painful mission. It is like Mosheโ€™s argument that he had a lisp or that the people would not believe him. ื”ืณ's answer was to go anyway; there was no way to avoid this mission.

Davidโ€™s Yichus

ื™ื— ื•ืืœื” ืชื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืคืจืฅ ืคืจืฅ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ. ื™ื˜ ื•ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืจื ื•ืจื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘. ื› ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื”. ื›ื ื•ืฉืœืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขื– ื•ื‘ืขื– ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“. ื›ื‘ ื•ืขื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉื™ ื•ื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื“ื•ื“.

ืจื•ืช ืคืจืง ื“

ื˜ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ื—ืฆืจื•ืŸ ืืฉืจ ื ื•ืœื“ ืœื• ืืช ื™ืจื—ืžืืœ ื•ืืช ืจื ื•ืืช ื›ืœื•ื‘ื™. ื™ ื•ืจื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื•ืขืžื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”. ื™ื ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืฉืœืžื ื•ืฉืœืžื ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ืขื–. ื™ื‘ ื•ื‘ืขื– ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื™ืฉื™. ื™ื’ ื•ืื™ืฉื™ ื”ื•ืœื™ื“ ืืช ื‘ื›ืจื• ืืชืืœื™ืื‘ ื•ืื‘ื™ื ื“ื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื•ืฉืžืขื ื”ืฉืœืฉื™. ื™ื“ ื ืชื ืืœ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ืจื“ื™ ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™. ื˜ื• ืืฆื ื”ืฉืฉื™ ื“ื•ื™ื“ ื”ืฉื‘ืขื™. ื˜ื– ื•ืื—ื™ืชื™ื”ื ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื•ื‘ื ื™ ืฆืจื•ื™ื” ืื‘ืฉื™ ื•ื™ื•ืื‘ ื•ืขืฉื”ืืœ ืฉืœืฉื”. ื™ื– ื•ืื‘ื™ื’ื™ืœ ื™ืœื“ื” ืืช ืขืžืฉื ื•ืื‘ื™ ืขืžืฉื ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ืฉืžืขืืœื™.

ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื ืคืจืง ื‘

We have no information about Davidโ€™s history before he was annointed. He came from a distinguished lineage. The midrash describes how the young lambs he guided to pastures of tender grass; the patches of less juicy herbs he reserved for the sheep; and the full-grown sturdy rams were given the tough weeds for food. Then God said: โ€œDavid knows how to tend sheep, therefore he shall be the shepherd of my flock Israel.โ€[Ginzberg, note 14].

Yishai clearly did not consider David a son worthy of kingship. Ginzberg mentions a midrash that he was the son of a different wife, a slave. This brings to mind Yiftach:

ื ื•ื™ืคืชื— ื”ื’ืœืขื“ื™ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื™ืœ ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ืŸ ืืฉื” ื–ื•ื ื”; ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ ื’ืœืขื“ ืืช ื™ืคืชื—. ื‘ ื•ืชืœื“ ืืฉืช ื’ืœืขื“ ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ื; ื•ื™ื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืืฉื” ื•ื™ื’ืจืฉื• ืืช ื™ืคืชื— ื•ื™ืืžืจื• ืœื• ืœื ืชื ื—ืœ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืื‘ื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื‘ืŸ ืืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืืชื”. ื’ ื•ื™ื‘ืจื— ื™ืคืชื— ืžืคื ื™ ืื—ื™ื• ื•ื™ืฉื‘ ื‘ืืจืฅ ื˜ื•ื‘; ื•ื™ืชืœืงื˜ื• ืืœ ื™ืคืชื— ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ื™ืฆืื• ืขืžื•.

ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื ืคืจืง ื™ื

As Rabbi Shulman always says, Chazal use midrashim to contrast stories in Tanach. We will see that David also became the leader of a gang of (ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื›ื‘:ื‘)โ€Ž ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืฆื•ืง ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืืฉืจ ืœื• ื ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืจ ื ืคืฉโ€Ž. But David ends up using his outsider status and leadership in a very different way.

The biggest difficulty with the text is the contradiction between ืฉืžื•ืืœ and ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื. Did Yishai have seven sons or eight? A number of explanations are given, but the simplest is Rashiโ€™s (on ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™ื–:ื™ื‘).โ€Ž ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื was written by Ezra at the time of the return from the Babylonian exile, to help establish the legitimacy of the nascent Jewish settlement. He recorded the ancestry of all the returnees and the history of the kingdom and the establishment of the Beit Hamikdash (this helps explain many of the differences between ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื and ืฉืžื•ืืœ/ืžืœื›ื™ื). Rashi simply claims that one of Yishaiโ€™s sons did not have any descendents at that time, so there was no need to record his name.

Ruddiness and Predestination

As Rabbi Jonathan Sacks often says, the Torah is not a visual medium. We rarely get any description of the characters. We have no idea, for example, what Abraham looked like. The fact that we are given such a detailed description of David must have some significance. It calls to mind the only other person described as ืื“ืžื•ื ื™, Esav (there are other parallels as well; Esav is also the leader of a gang of 400 men). Shmuel saw in David more than his skin/hair color; he saw ื›ื™ ื“ื•ื“ ืื“ืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื• ื”ืื“ื•ืžื” ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ื‘ืขื• ื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืคื™ื—ืช ื“ืžื™ื โ€Ž(ืžืœื‘ื™ื).

ื”ืื™ ืžืืŸ ื“ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื™ื”ื™ ื’ื‘ืจ ืืฉื™ื“ ื“ืžื ืืดืจ ืืฉื™ ืื™ ืื•ืžื ื ืื™ ื’ื ื‘ื ืื™ ื˜ื‘ื—ื ืื™ ืžื•ื”ืœื ืืžืจ ืจื‘ื” ืื ื ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืื™ ืืžืจ ืื‘ื™ื™ ืžืจ ื ืžื™ ืขื ื™ืฉ ื•ืงื˜ื™ืœ.

ืฉื‘ืช ืงื ื•.

Thereโ€™s one of those inspirational posters at my work: โ€œWhat we are is G-dโ€™s gift to us. What we become is our gift to G-d.โ€

ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ

What does it mean that ื•ืชืฆืœื— ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ ืืœ ื“ื•ื“? The term is used in ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ื (also written by Shmuel) about four of the Judges, ืขืชื ื™ืืœ (in ื’:ื™),โ€Ž ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ (in ื•:ืœื“),โ€Ž ื™ืคืชื— (in ื™ื:ื›ื˜) and ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ (in ื™ื’:ื›ื“,โ€Ž ื™ื“:ื•,โ€Ž ื™ื“:ื™ื˜, and ื˜ื•:ื™ื“). It is also used about Shaul (in ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื ื™:ื™ and ื™ื:ื•).

Whatโ€™s interesting about that is that the phrase seems to mean different things in different places. The Targum Yonatan translates it as โ€œืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ืื”โ€ by ืขืชื ื™ืืœ and ืฉืื•ืœ but as โ€œืจื•ื— ื’ื‘ื•ืจืโ€ by ื’ื“ืขื•ืŸ,โ€Ž ื™ืคืชื— and ืฉืžืฉื•ืŸ. By Shaul the Targum uses ื ื‘ื•ืื” the first time and ื’ื‘ื•ืจื the second time. These seem to fit the context; ืขืชื ื™ืืœ is portrayed as much more of a ืฆื“ื™ืง than the later judges (the midrash ascribes to him the development of the oral Torah) and Shaul is explicitly described as prophesying in the first instance (the second is when he has to defend the Jews from Ammon). The other judges were military leaders and their โ€œspirit of G-dโ€ manifested in their heroism.

The Rambam puts both these aspects of ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ onto a spectrum of โ€œืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉโ€:

โ€ฆNot all the degrees of prophecy which I will enumerate qualify a person for the office of a prophet. The first and the second degrees are only steps leading to prophecy, and a person possessing either of these two degrees does not belong to the class of prophetsโ€ฆ

(1) The first degree of prophecy consists in the divine assistance which is given to a person, and induces and encourages him to do something good and grandโ€ฆ;he finds in himself the cause that moves and urges him to this deed.โ€ฆAll the judges of Israel possessed this degree.โ€ฆ

(2) The second degree is this: A person feels as if something came upon him, and as if he had received a new power that encourages him to speak.โ€ฆ

(3) The third class is the lowest [class of actual prophets]โ€ฆThe prophet sees an allegory in a dreamโ€ฆ

[And so forth through 11 levels, with Mosheโ€™s level of prophecy above them all]

Guide for the Perplexed, 3:65, Friedlander translation

It is unclear what ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ means here for David. The Targum translates it as ืจื•ื— ื ื‘ื•ืื” but we do not see any sort of prophetic activity with respect to David now (the Gemara on ืžื’ื™ืœื” ื™ื“:ื does include him in the list of 48 prophets in Tanach). His actions now seem much more in the heroic mold, and the Rambam says he was at the first level of ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ. However, he states that Tehillim was written at the second level of ืจื•ื— ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ, (quoting ืฉืžื•ืืœ ื‘ ื›ื’:ื‘)โ€Ž ืจื•ื— ื”ืณ ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ ื•ืžืœืชื• ืขืœ ืœืฉื•ื ื™. So really David acted at both levels, as a man of both G-dly words and G-dly deeds.