This shiur is based on Rav Moshe Shapiro’s lectures on סוכות, as presented by Moshe Antebi in שובי ונחזה: ימים נוראים (with special thanks to Netanel Greenwald for letting me borrow that sefer).
We all know the rule about rain on סוכות:
The metaphor seems clear: ה׳, the רב, is pouring water (the rain) on us, the עבד, as a sign that our service (מזוג כוס) is being rejected. The Vilna Gaon, however, is a little bothered by the wine part of the metaphor. Why not a metaphor of a servant pouring water for the master, who then throws the pitcher in the servant’s face?
The straight, undiluted wine (יין מגתו) represents the דין of the ימים נוראים that needs to be diluted with the water of סוכות to be drinkable. Because as we all know, drinking undiluted wine is just not done.
We find the idea of watering down wine repellent. Rambam notes that this really is a cultural thing:
ארבעה כוסות האלו צריך למזג אותן כדי שתהיה שתיה ערבה הכל לפי היין ולפי דעת השותה.
-משנה תורה, הלכות חמץ ומצה ז:ט
Ancient wine wasn’t “stronger” in the sense of having more alcohol; the yeast that turn the grape sugar into alcohol die when it reaches 16%. So why would they (and not us) want to add water to their wine? The reason apparently is those dead yeast: alcohol is toxic.
You can’t drink water straight; you’re going to get cholera or worse. You have to add a disinfectant. Nowadays we use chlorine. In ancient times, they drank wine or beer. So they drank a lot more wine.
Isaiah Cox, in Wine Strength and Dilution argues that the custom of diluting wine wasn’t to prevent getting drunk too quickly, but to dilute the impurities that lead to hangovers. But it ends up being a cultural thing: if you drank your water with wine, then even at a banquet where you were drinking it qua wine, you liked the diluted wine. The Greeks, specifically, drank a lot of diluted wine, and that spread to the entire “civilized” world, including the world of חז״ל.
So you diluted wine so that you could keep drinking. In the metaphor of rain on סוכות, as understood by the GR"A, we can’t handle the דין of the ימים נוראים. The מצווה of סוכה makes it palatable.
Rav Shapiro is bothered by this.
We just finished יום כיפור and celebrated (במדבר יד:כ) סלחתי כדברך. What needs “diluting”?
He looks at “סוכה” as a symbol in תנ״ך. The first thing בני ישראל do when they leave Egypt is go to a place called סוכות.
And Yaakov, when he survives the confrontation with Esav, goes to a (different!) place called סוכות.
סוכות symbolizes שמירה, ”guarding“, or, better, “preservation”. In both cases, they survived an ordeal, an episode of דין, and now need to “lock it down” so show they are not going back. That is the סוכה, a שמירה of a דין לטובה.
There’s a striking example in ספר נחמיה:
What does לא עשו מימי ישוע mean? The gemara, when discussing walled cities and their laws, points out that Ezra had to re-sanctify the cities of Israel.
Ezra specifically made סוכות to symbolize the שמירה, locking in the קידשה לשעתה so that it would be קידשה לעתיד לבא. Yehoshua had failed to make this sort of סוכות when he led the people into Israel and therefore the בטלה קדושת הארץ. Why he failed is a question for ספר יהושוע and ספר שופטים: why did בני ישראל not establish a מלכות or build a מקדש. ואכמ״ל.
So too with all our spiritual achievements during the ימים נוראים.
In the metaphor, the
purpose of סוכות is to dilute the wine with water to make it drinkable throughout the year. The intensity of the ימים נוראים is like יין מגתו. We can’t maintain that, nor should we. סוכות is about taking the דין and giving it שמירה, carrying it into the rest of our mudane lives.