In this week’s parsha, Yitzchak is given the ברכה that had been given to Avraham:
The fact that שמע אברהם בקלי; וישמר משמרתי מצותי חקותי ותורתי echoes what ה׳ had said about Avraham before:
The expression וישמר…מצותי has a specific meaning to us: the תרי״ג מצוות. And חז״ל say that is exactly what it means here:
That, of course, is very strange. Beyond the question of Avraham keeping מצוות that were given later, עירובי תבשילין is a מצווה דרבנן, a תקנה made by human beings, much later.
Rashi in our parsha parses each expression:
He uses the terms מצותי and חקותי the way we use the terms משפטים and חקים. תורתי is plural, hence תורה שבכתב and תורה שבעל פה. And וישמר משמרתי specifically refers to the idea of מצוות דרבנן, of עשו סייג לתורה:
That’s nice and drash-y, but Ramban goes through the obvious problem: it’s not true. The Avot did not keep the מצוות. So he says the פשט is that Avraham kept the מצוות that he was explicitly given (this is the explanation rejected by the gemara, ואימא שבע מצות ומילה). And וישמר משמרתי does mean that he created the equivalent of מצוות דרבנן; he applied a סייג to the תורה that he had:
Monotheism was Avraham’s raison d'être, so he wrote huge treatises on it. And this idea, that Avraham made תקנות to extend the מצותי חקותי ותורתי he had received has a basis in the text:
אחרי ה׳ אלקיכם תלכו is ה׳ teaching us how to behave. Last week, Rabbi Shulman pointed out that one aspect of גמילות חסדים is missing. We don’t learn הכנסת אורחים from ה׳; we learn it from Avraham:
Much has been said about the question of how to understand the דרש, that the Avot kept the Torah that had not yet been given. We have dealt with it before. But I would like to suggest that the Torah is being intentionally ambiguous about what exactly were מצותי חקותי ותורתי because the purpose of ספר בראשית is not to teach us laws. The Torah will be given in ספר שמות; there will be plenty of detailed legislation then. ספר בראשית tells us stories.
The halacha has concepts like נבל ברשות התורה and לפנים משורת הדין because there is no way to have a complete and consistent ethical system—in the sense of defined rational laws that dictate the “right” behavior in every circumstance. Any such system of laws will lead to a repugnant conclusion, where the ethical rules lead to an immoral conclusion. We saw that recently with the failure of FTX, whose founder was dedicated to Effective Altruism, and therefore “he [was] building up a fortune in order to give half of it away”. And he was so dedicated to doing good that he allegedly stole billions from his clients and destroyed countless charitable organizations. There seems to be a kind of Gödel’s Theorem of ethics. Morality, as I define it, is the intuitive sense of right and wrong, and it is not determined by rules but by what we observe. So we are told כי ידעתיו למען אשר יצוה את בניו ואת ביתו אחריו ושמרו דרך ה׳ לעשות צדקה ומשפט, and we read the stories of the Avot, and that determines how we understand צדקה ומשפט.
So where do I go with the gemara, קיים אברהם אבינו אפילו עירובי תבשילין? That sounds very specific.
Avraham’s וישמר משמרתי was the עירוב תבשילין, the little bit of preparation, to our own ושמרתם את משמרתי: עשו משמרת למשמרתי. Part of keeping the Torah, the רצון ה׳, is going beyond it, עשו סייג לתורה and לפנים משורת הדין, and using our moral intution that is ultimately formed from the stories of ספר בראשית.