In the middle of the תוכחה there is a famous verse:
And we learn from this the importance of שמחה, joy, in serving ה׳:
That’s why the עבודה was accompanied by song:
But still, the punishments of the תוכחה seem rather extreme for not being happy. The Torah Temimah is bothered by this as well:
He cites two different models for עבודת ה׳:
Why would ה׳ do these terrible things just for getting that wrong?
The Torah Temimah says we are parsing the pasuk wrong: not “because you did not (serve G-d with joy)” but “because you (did not serve G-d) with joy”: you liked violating the Torah.
But the truth is that is not the worst sin against ה׳.
יוֹדֵע רִבּוֹנוֹ וּמִתְכַּוֵּן לִמְרֹד בּוֹ, as Rashi describes Nimrod (בראשית י:ט), at least is still יוֹדֵע רִבּוֹנוֹ.
The Torah Temimah then proposes that we are parsing the verse correctly, but translating it wrong:
The English word “with” in that sentence, “with joyfulness”, has two different meanings (native speakers of English never think about these things; we just use the right prepositions intuitively). “With” can be comitative, meaning “going together”, “in the company of”, and it can instrumental, meaning “by means of”, “using”. When Koren translates בשמחה as “with joyfulness”, it’s obvious what they mean. It is not comitative (“Me and Simcha serve G-d together” or “I serve both G-d and Joy”) but instrumental: my service of הקב״ה was not through שמחה. Our problem was in understanding why that was so bad.
The Hebrew prefixed preposition ב־ also has multiple meanings, but they are different. It can be instrumental: (בראשית ג:יט) בזעת אפיך תאכל לחם, ”by the sweat of your brow shall you eat bread“, but it also can be locative, meaning “in” or “among”. That is the way to read it here.
It is understandable if you don’t fulfill the מצוות when times are hard, when you have to spend all your effort just trying to survive. It is understandable if you don’t fulfill the מצוות when you are depressed or anxious, when you don’t have the mental energy to do anything.
But if you are בשמחה ובטוב לבב מרב כל, and figure, “I don’t need ה׳; I’ve got it made”, then ה׳ is telling you: אבד תאבדון.
That is what the punishments of the תוכחה are. They are less punishments than simply the withdrawal of Divine Providence.
The things we have in this world are not gifts and not rewards. They are the venture capital financing for our mission in life. If you don’t do something with that financing, you’re not going to get anything in the next round.
None of the punishments of the תוכחה are miraculous. We have examples of naturalistic punishments in תנ״ך:
If you have שמחה and טוב לבב, and רב כל, you have no excuse for your lack of עבודת ה׳. And so ה׳, says, fine. You’re on your own.