This week’s parasha starts the meat of ספר דברים, the list of laws. Moshe starts by restating the עשרת הדברות. Rabbi Shulman likes to point out that the עשרת הדברות serve as the outline for the rest of the legal section; the laws are organized to conceptually follow each דברה.
After that, the Torah introduces the laws that are to come, along with their purpose: למען תירא את ה׳ and למען יארכן ימיך:
Rabbi Leibtag points out that the phrase המצוה החקים והמשפטים and seems to imply two different things. When we look at the structure of the list of laws, the Torah seems to conclude one section of המצוה:
Then the Torah starts a new section of החקים והמשפטים:
The המצוה section corresponds to the first two דברות, אנכי and לא יהיה, and the Torah explicitly says what the underlying theme is: לאהבה את ה׳ אלקיכם ללכת בכל דרכיו ולדבקה בו. The implementation of that מצוה is “bookended” with two familiar paragraphs:
Rabbi Leibtag adds that when we say שמע, we just say the beginning and the end of what should be the whole 6-perek section, since it’s too long to say the whole thing. But that’s what we should have in mind. The halacha is similar for the Hakhel ceremony; the king doesn’t read all of Devarim, just the highlights:
The Rambam understands our recital of שמע in this way: it’s our way of accepting העיקר הגדול, the fundamental principle of Judaism (what we call קבלת עול מלכות שמים).
And he explicitly says that it is derived from the first two of the עשרת הדברות:
And we recite this every day, twice a day. Why? We all know the answer: the pasuk says, והיו הדברים האלה אשר אנכי מצוך היום על לבבך…ודברת בם בשבתך בביתך ובלכתך בדרך ובשכבך ובקומך. But it’s not so obvious.
If we don’t have to go back and recite Shema, it must not be a מצוה דאורייתא (דאורייתא ספק לחומרא). Tosaphot takes that literally; there is no commandment to recite Shema:
Rabbeinu Yonah (and the Ritva) understand רב יהודה differently. While דברת בם doesn’t literally mean the words of the Shema, בשכבך ובקומך is still a Biblical commandment:
But most poskim hold like רבי אלעזר, that it is Biblical. They just argue (2 Jews, 3 opinions!) about the extent of the requirement:
The Rambam and the Shulchan Aruch do not explicitly rule one way or the other, unfortunately.
The third paragraph, פרשת ציצית, we will deal with later.
Most of what I am going to say now comes from Barry Freundel’s book, Why We Pray What We Pray. This brings up the meta-question of how evil a person must be before we cannot discuss their ideas, so I will mention in passing that he is a very bad person.
We take it for granted that “שמע” consists of the three paragraphs that we read today, but that isn’t obvious:
And there exists an ancient סדור that has the עשרת הדברות as part of שמע:
The gemara explains why we don’t say עשרת הדברות any more:
And the Yerushalmi argues that the עשרת הדברות really is the essence of שמע:
And originally קריאת שמע consistent of three paragraphs: עשרת הדברות, שמע ישראל and והיה אם שמע.
Even more radically, the Zohar implies that the true “שמע” קריאת is the עשרת הדברות alone (this obviously only works according to רב יהודה):
So, Dr. Freundel proposes, the requirement is קבלת עול מלכות שמים twice a day. Originally that was by reciting the עשרת הדברות (possibly with the subsequent section of המצוה that is the implementation of קבלת עול מלכות שמים, שמע ישראל and והיה אם שמע). Only after the spread of Hellenist heresy was the עשרת הדברות section removed outside the בית המקדש.
What about the third paragraph, פרשת ציצית? Understanding that requires looking at a gemara that proposes that פרשת בלק should be part of קריאת שמע:
And the Sifrei proposes similar alternates to פרשת ציצית
The common theme is that there is a requirement to mention יציאת מצרים, as we well know from the Hagadah:
And as Rav Soloveitchik says, the requirement is למען תזכר את יום צאתך מארץ מצרים. How to do that is not specified in the Torah:
So why פרשת ציצית specifically? The gemara answers that it includes so many fundamental concepts:
According to this, there are two separate מצוות of reading twice a day: קבלת עול מלכות שמים and זכר יציאת מצרים. The fact that we say them together is only a convenience. But that isn’t so clear:
ר׳ יהודה הנשיא wanted to say יציאת מצרים בזמנה. If the requirement was only כל ימי חייך, then all day should be fine. The requirement of morning, בקומך, is only on the דברת בם, on קבלת עול מלכות שמים. There must be some connection.
Another hint to this is the fact that the Rambam never lists זכר יציאת מצרים as a מצוה. It’s only part of קריאת שמע:
Rav Soloveitchik says that’s intentional. זכר יציאת מצרים is inherently part of קבלת עול מלכות שמים:
There is a מצוה to retell the story of יציאת מצרים with all its miracles and wonders. But that’s only once a year, at the seder. The מצוה of למען תזכור את יום צאתך מארץ מצרים כל ימי חייך is to acknowledge that we became a people when ה׳ took us out of Egypt and our ongoing existence is dependent on our acknowledging ה׳ as Ruler and King. It all goes back to that first commandment: